KhongSam Chia (@khongsamchia.bsky.social)

bioRxiv: Canonical NLR immune receptor architecture enforces EDS1-dependency onto divergent TIR domains (2026) Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) enzymes are prominent immune components in diverse organisms across the tree of life. In flowering plants, TIRs are often integrated into nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors whose oligomerization-dependent biochemical activities create second messengers perceived by ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1)-family signaling complexes. TIR-NLRs and TIR proteins are present across the full spectrum of plant evolution, yet EDS1 signaling is a derived trait in seed plants. Here, we examined the functional dependency of diverse plant TIRs on the EDS1 pathway in the angiosperms Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum. While the isolated TIR domains from non-seed plants generally required EDS1 for immune cell death activation, we also identified TIRs that functioned independent of EDS1. However, chimeric TIR-NLRs incorporating these diverse TIR domains onto the AtWRR4a receptor chassis showed a full reversion to EDS1-dependency. Extending this phenomenon further, we demonstrated that the AtWRR4a architecture enforces EDS1-dependence onto a bacterial TIR domain that is otherwise EDS1-independent. Collectively, our work demonstrates that NLR immune receptor architecture influences TIR-related immunity and provides further context to their ancient acquisition into plant immune systems. https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.05.20.726525?utm_medium=social&utm_source=bluesky