loading . . . Joint attention biases #dogs' memory towards object identity Ostensive communication, characterized by direct eye contact and other attention-catching signals, shapes how humans from an early age encode and remember novel objects, specifically biasing their memory toward identity-relevant features. Dogs are sensitive to human ostensive cues and reliably follow gaze direction after communicative addressing. However, whether these signals also enhance and modulate object encoding as in humans remains unknown. In a preregistered eye-tracking study, we tested pet dogs (N = 35) in a violation-of-expectation paradigm. A human actor either directed eye contact toward the dog or looked away before looking at an object. After an occlusion event, dogs viewed one of three outcomes: the same object in the same location (no change), the same object in a different location (location change), or a different object in the same location (identity change). We measured the dogs' looking times during the outcome phase within predefined areas of interest around the object. In line with our predictions and consistent with earlier findings with human infants, dogs looked significantly longer at identity changes in the communicative than in the no-eye-contact condition. In contrast, looking times at location and no-change outcomes were unaffected by communicative context, indicating a selective enhancement of identity encoding. During the initial addressing phase, pupil dilation was greater in the eye-contact condition, suggesting increased arousal or engagement. These findings demonstrate that dogs, like human infants, exhibit a communication-induced memory bias, revealing a shared capacity for ostension-guided learning that may facilitate information transfer between humans and dogs. http://dlvr.it/TPH7HW
