Clones usually encompass cell members with heterogenous cell states, too.

In this new perspective in Science, my role model and favorite immunologist Randy Noelle discusses the development of CD40L antagonists to treat autoimmunity: www.science.org/doi/10.1126/...

1) I don't know how you feel about antibodies, but here are a couple of (less-known) fascinating studies that might enhance your affinity towards these molecules One of these is Fab arm exchange This naturally occurs in vivo in IgG4 antibodies PMID: 17872445 bit.ly/Kolfschoten2...

B cells and plasma cells 1/ Where do I start? Is it at Von Behring and Kitasato who were the first to discover that immunization of animals with diptheria and tetanus toxins resulted in soluble substances in the serum that neutralize these same toxins making them harmless? bit.ly/VonBehring1890

1)Stanley Cohen was the first to propose the term #cytokine (in 1974) ; "an umbrella term under which all these misunderstood factors could huddle". #Immunology bit.ly/4156495

Mitochondria: the microbiota of the cell