The mildest form of appendicitis is characterised by a transmural invasion of neutrophils while in complicated acute #appendicitis, the inflammation and associated vascular thrombosis results in appendiceal wall necrosis. https://www.nature.c...

In the US and Europe, hospital admissions for uncomplicated acute #appendicitis without peritonitis have been declining since 2005 while admissions for severe or perforated appendicitis have remained constant. https://www.nature.c...

#Monogenic #diabetes is mostly caused by impaired function or development of pancreatic islets, with defective #insulin secretion in the absence of obesity. https://www.nature.c...

Management of #catatonia includes administration of first-line treatments such as lorazepam (benzodiazepines) and/or electroconvulsive therapy, with further treatment decisions based on comorbid delirium or schizophrenia spectrum disorders. https://www.nature.c...

Although #appendicitis causes a substantial burden on the healthcare system globally, mortality rate of appendicitis is low and decreasing, currently estimated as 0.36 per 100 000 patient years. https://www.nature.c...

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Imprinting disorders are congenital conditions that are characterized by disturbances of genomic imprinting. The most common individual ImpDis are Prader–Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. https://www.nature.c...

Body dysmorphic disorder involves disturbances in emotional face processing, visual attentional biases and aberrant eye gaze behaviours. In addition, imbalances in global or local processing for own and others’ faces, bodies and houses are observed. https://www.nature.c...

Leprosy still occurs in >120 countries, mostly in low and middle income countries. In 2023, Brazil, India and Indonesia reported >10,000 new cases each, together accounting for ~79.3% of all reported cases. https://www.nature.c...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory pathogen that emerged in December 2019 and caused a global pandemic by March 2020, with >7 million deaths due to coronavirus disease 2019 globally as of September 2025. https://www.nature.c...

#PrimarySclerosingCholangitis is a slowly progressive disease with typically non-uniform, patchy manifestations of both mild peribiliary changes and later stages with concentric fibrosis, with early events that are largely unknown. https://www.nature.c...#PrimarySclerosingCholangitis#PSCAwarenessDay

#Keratoconus is a progressive eye disorder primarily affecting individuals in adolescence and early adulthood. The ectatic changes in the cornea cause thinning and cone-like steepening leading to irregular astigmatism and reduced vision. https://www.nature.c...

Primary vesicoureteral reflux, the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract, is caused by maldevelopment and malfunction of the ureterovesical junction. https://www.nature.c...

Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor, affective and cognitive–behavioural signs, which lasts from hours to days. Catatonia is recognized as an independent diagnosis in the ICD-11 since 2022. https://www.nature.c...

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Muscle injury can be broadly categorized according to whether there is focal damage or full necrosis of myofibres, which is also linked to the injury mechanism: direct or indirect muscle injuries, respectively. https://www.nature.c...

Medication overuse headache is a secondary headache disorder attributed to overuse of acute headache medications by a person with an underlying headache disorder, usually migraine or tension-type headache. https://www.nature.c...

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemias include different subtypes of a rare autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies target autoantigens expressed on the membranes of autologous red blood cells, leading to their destruction. https://www.nature.c...

Acute high-altitude illnesses include #acutemountainsickness (AMS) and high-altitude cerebral oedema (HACE), which are thought to represent a continuum of neurological disease https://www.nature.c...

Visceral adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ that is involved in pathophysiological signalling affecting several organ systems, which contributes to the development of #MetabolicSyndrome https://www.nature.c...

Chronic inflammation in psoriasis is mainly caused by the presence of pathogenic T cells in the skin and pro-inflammatory feedforward signalling by keratinocytes https://www.nature.c...

Intrahepatic #cholestasis of pregnancy is the most common pregnancy-related #liverdisease, manifesting typically during the third trimester of pregnancy with pruritus and elevated serum bile acids https://www.nature.c...

The key step in management of #sarcopenia is to deliver resistance exercise training via supervised, tailored programmes with adequate intensity and progression, with protein supplementation as a potential adjunctive therapy https://www.nature.c...

The interactions between tumour plasma cells (#multiplemyeloma cells) and components of bone marrow cells, together with the cytokines and growth factors present in the bone marrow, promote plasma cell growth and facilitate immune evasion https://www.nature.c...

#Mesothelioma is a rare and invariably fatal cancer that is predominantly caused by exposure to the mineral #asbestos https://www.nature.c...

#Rotatorcuff tears are the most common upper extremity condition seen by primary care physicians, physiatrists and orthopaedic surgeons https://www.nature.c...

Multidimensional models of #oppositionaldefiantdisorder — such as the bifactor model and the trifactor model — all include one dimension of chronic irritability symptoms https://www.nature.c...

Clinical guidelines suggest that the management of #bodydysmorphicdisorder should be determined by level of functional impairment, with increasingly intensive and specialist treatment offered for more severe presentations https://www.nature.c...

The mechanisms in #priondisease pathogenesis involves templated polymerization of normal host prion protein (PrPC) into disease-associated forms (PrPSc) https://www.nature.c...

#Mastocytosis is characterized by focal accumulations of clonal mast cells in the skin and/or in internal organs such as bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes or the gastrointestinal tract https://www.nature.c...

Various primary tumours, including #lungcancer itself, can metastasize to the lungs. The cumulative incidence and the percentage of patients with synchronous lung metastasis vary between the different histologies https://www.nature.c...

The incidence of perioperative #strokes varies depending on the specific patient population, the type of surgical procedure, and the diagnostic methodology and criteria used https://www.nature.c...

Androgenetic alopecia is a genetic condition characterized by progressive hair follicle miniaturization. Although not life-threatening, AGA substantially affects patients' psychological well-being owing to societal pressure and aesthetic concerns.

The ichthyoses are a large, heterogeneous group of skin cornification disorders. They can be inherited or acquired, and result in defective keratinocyte differentiation and abnormal epidermal barrier formation. https://www.nature.c...

While the underlying genetic defects differ significantly between Lynch syndrome and FAP, the pathogenetic mechanisms in these two disorders represent canonical pathways of young-onset colorectal cancer carcinogenesis. https://www.nature.c...

Typically, men with Androgenetic #alopecia present with bitemporal frontal hairline recession, vertex thinning, or a combination of both, with the predominant clinical course following the Hamilton–Norwood scale. https://www.nature.c...

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is one of the most common causes of early-onset dementia and presents with early social–emotional–behavioural and/or language changes that can be accompanied by a pyramidal or extrapyramidal motor disorder. https://www.nature.c...

The hair follicle is the target tissue of androgenetic #alopecia pathogenesis. During active growth, terminal scalp hair follicles are shaped as elongated cylinders, extending from the epidermis into the dermal adipose layer. https://www.nature.c...

Androgen signalling has a central role in androgenetic #alopecia pathogenesis. Unlike its core molecular function, the prominent signalling effect of androgens on the hair growth cycle is distinct to humans and other primates. https://www.nature.c...

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#Listeriosis is a rare but severe food-borne disease that leads to mild gastroenteritis in most adults but can cause severe disease during pregnancy and in immunocompromised individuals https://www.nature.c...

Risk factors for chronic kidney disease can be differentiated into those that increase nephron workload and those that reduce their capacity. Preterm birth can result in lifelong reduced kidney capacity. #CKD https://www.nature.c...

Management of non-small-cell #lungcancer involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immune checkpoint blockers and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the combination and order of which depends on several factors https://www.nature.c...

#Listeriosis manifests primarily as #septicaemia, neurolisteriosis, and maternal–neonatal infections, each with distinct prevalence and mortality rates https://www.nature.c...

#Listeria monocytogenes uses surface proteins InlA and InlB to activate PI3Kα for cell entry and survival, facilitating invasion of goblet cells, syncytiotrophoblasts, and inflammatory monocytes https://www.nature.c...

The ABCDE system assists in assessing pigmented lesions and includes asymmetry (A), border irregularity (B), colour variation (C), diameter (D) greater than 6 mm, and elevation or evolution (E) or timing of lesion growth. #melanoma https://www.nature.c...

#Listeria monocytogenes crosses the intestinal barrier via goblet and M cells, the placental barrier through syncytiotrophoblasts, and the blood–brain barrier by spreading from infected monocytes to endothelial cells https://www.nature.c...