How long to anitbodies against HPAI last in cows? @ 4months, 73% of tested cows with antibodies. similar percentage at 8 months. @ 13 months, a drop to 50%. 👉 www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7...

Influenza D virus can replicate, shed and transmit between contact sentinel ferrets. Different clades of Flu D did have differences in tropism. Resultant viruses had ferret-adapted mutations in PB1, PB2, and M segments of IDV 👉 journals.plos.org/plospathogen...

HPAI in 4 cats in a household close to a dairy farm in Tulare, California. early supportive care + antiviral treatment = survival. high titers of neutralizing antibodies retained for at least 3–4 months post recovery. 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

Using AI to predict potentially human-adapted reassortment of H5N1 and human IAVs. An adaptive reassortment between avian H5N1 and human H3N2was predicted and validated by polymerase activity assay 👉 academic.oup.com/nsr/advance-...

Large diversity of H10 viruses in wild birds in Taiwan, dissimilar to sequences from human cases in China or from mammalian infections. Co-circulation of Eurasian H10, but also the newer incursion of N. Am H10. 👉 www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....

In humans, HPAI infection is often respiratory, and recently conjunctivitis. Here, demonstration that the gut expresses abundant avian receptors, is infected ex vivo by the H5N1. Also, HPAI detected in an autopsy colonic sample. 👉 academic.oup.com/jid/article-...

On January 9, 2025, HPAI infection in a school-aged child in San Francisco. No source of exposure identified, no evidence of human-to-human transmission among close contacts. 👉 www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes...

Humans primed in childhood with H1N1 more likely to have higher levels of antibodies that cross-react with the NA of H5N1 vs individuals primed in childhood with H2N2 or H3N2 viruses. 👉 www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1...

Comparing human infections with 2.3.4.4b + 2321c HPAI: no discernible difference in likely mode of exposure, transmission or the potential infection in humans between the two clades. intensive care unit admission and fatalities were higher for 2.3.2.1c 👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/...

USA, April 2024-June 25: none of the enrolled beef cattle farm workers had NAbs antibodies to IAV-H5, but two dairy farm workers were found to have NAbs to IAV-H5. NAbs to IDV in one of 128 farm worker serum samples 👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/...

In dairy farms, positive samples found on milking equipment/personal protective equipment, parlor surfaces, and wastewater/lagoons/manure = exposure to milk. Days post herd infection and surface affect Ct value and likelihood of positive detection. 👉 www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1...

H9N2 infection identified in a 2-year-old boy in Ghana. Mild symptoms and recovered. Exposure route unknown. G1 lineage similar to H9N2 circulating among poultry in West and North Africa. Mammalian adaptive mutations present. 👉 www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....

Knockdown of TRPM2 protects against lung injury in mice infected by H9N2 virus and explores its potential molecular mechanisms, with a particular focus on its association with ferroptosis 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

Screened dysregulated miRNAs against PB2 from an HPAI infection study. chicken miRNAs such as gga-miR-17-3p, gga-miR-29a-5p, gga-miR-1718, gga-miR-16c-5p, and gga-miR-1744-5p predicted to target PB2 segment, potential strategy to control HPAI? 👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10....

First record of HPAI in a sheep in March 2025, identified on an infected poultry premises w ducks, chickens, turkeys and geese in Great Britain. Serological positivity across repeated sampling and the presence of viral RNA in milk samples 👉 www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....

King penguin chicks vaccinated with mRNA H5 vaccine. 250 days of monitoring. vaccinated chicks showed a high + persistent immune response, granting a strong seroneutralisation capacity, up to fledging. No adverse effects. 👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...

Detection of HPAI in three Tristan skua carcasses on Gough Island in the central South Atlantic Ocean. Genomically linked to sequences from S. Georgia. Surveillance required to see if virus returns, or spreads? 👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...

During China's 41st Antarctic Scientific Expedition, samples from Great Wall Station on South Shetlands. H5 detected in 4 dead skuas. 17-amino-acid deletion (positions 58-74) in the stalk region of NA, also seen in Torgersen genomes. 👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...

Among AI models, the LightGBM model achieved the best performance n predicting AIV outbreaks in Chinese layer farms - accuracy of 84.62 % 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

By early 2024, at least 50 mammal species infected by HPAI. B/w March 2024 - July 2025, 24 new species were recorded. Mustelidae family is the most affected. Panzootic shows no signs of abating. 👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/...

HPAI reported in a captive Rhea w mammalian associated PB2-E627K mutation. Severe multifocal necrotising inflammation, and a strong vasculotropism 👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...

In wild ducks, NDV is often observed to be co-infected with AIV. A high degree of preference overlap between AIV and NDV in organ-specific microenvironments = compatibility is a prerequisite for co-infection. 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

Turkeys vaccinated with in-house–produced, RG H5N9 inactivated vaccine w 2.3.4.4b H5 HA from A/turkey/Indiana/22-003707-003/2022 (TK/IN/22), a N. Am. wild bird lineage N9 on PR8. 🔻 shedding + 100% survival in vaxx group 👉 meridian.allenpress.com/avian-diseas...

Standardized, ready-to-use ex vivo tissue platforms for rapid phenotyping of AIV = alternative to in vivo models ($$$, ethically, logistically demanding). 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

DNA vaccine using consensus HA from 2.3.4.4 viruses = strong neutralizing antibody + T cell responses, protecting mice against lethal challenge w CD8⁺ T cell–mediated cross-protection against 2.2.1.2 and 2.3.2.1 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

Bivalent H9N2/H5N2 modified live virus vaccine delivered via sequential aerosol priming + drinking water boosting in chickens = sterilizing immunity H9N2. anti-H5 antibody responses after MLV vaccination were generally weak 👉 www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-7...

Used conditional likelihood + epi research designs to investigate risk of poultry farm HPAI outbreaks by migratory birds in Taiwan. Higher likelihood of wild birds transmitting HPAI into the poultry farms when using agricultural wetland as their habitats 👉 www.nature.com/articles/s41...

H5 clade assignement demystified. Identification of clade-defining mutations for every established clade to enable tree-based clade assignment using NextClade for H5. Agreement between Nextclade and LABEL for new sequences. 👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...

Czech, 2023−24 - identical H5N1 strains in cluster of unrelated commercial farms, ~8 km apart. Wind was the most probable mechanism. contaminated plume from duck farm not dust generated during depopulation. 👉 journals.plos.org/plosone/arti...

HPAI in black bear, brown bear, ermine, foxes in Alaska, 2022-24. Swelling and congestion of the brain in both bears. Staining within neurons and glial cells in the brain. Foxes potentially co-infected with CDV. 👉 meridian.allenpress.com/jwd/article/...

Mobile poultry vending and slaughtering of sick poultry linked to HPAI cases. Vendors demonstrated limited hygiene knowledge and were not observed using personal protective equipment, soap, or disinfectants. Opportunity for improvement. 👉 www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1...

zoonotic prediction model for avian influenza viruses, building upon “host-predictor” ML methods to estimate host potential given only a viral genome sequence. = Rapid risk-assess emerging avian influenza strains as soon as a sequence becomes available 👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...

Clinical + virological parameters compiled from zoonotic CVV assessments in ferrets over ~20 years. = weight loss, fever. Viral titers in nasal washes reduced, limited spread= need standardized parameters. 👉 journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/...

Prior infection with human H1N1 provides some cross protection against H5N1 in ferrets. Here, vaccination human seasonal flu vaccines = partial protection in ferrets against disease caused by H5N1 due to cross-reactive antibodies. 👉 wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/...

In Egypt: 2022-24, 446,790 swabs from commercial farms, backyard, LBM. H5N8 (EA-2020-A genotype) more common than H5N1 (EA-2021-AB genotype). H5N8 under strong selection pressure. 👉 www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....

In Scottish blood donors, population immunity is heterogeneous, age-dependent differences against H5, H7, H9: H7 primarily neutralised via head domain epitopes + non-glycan-targeted IgG2 antibodie. H5 targeted via stem epitopes + IgG1-mediated. 👉 www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1...

Immunocompromised pet cat (diabetic, feline infectious peritonitis FIP) infected with B3.13 = acute fever, rapidly worsening respiratory distress, liver dysfunction. Antigen in lung, brain, urine, or lymphoid tissues 👉 journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/...

Cow-level factors which influence clinical signs when infected with HPAI H5N1: pregnancy and parity (# of times a cow has given birth). 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

Lots of particles are generated during poultry slaughter, and while using defeathering machines, in LBMs. Associated risk of AIV infection? 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

Pigeons often on poultry premises, but after experimental infection didnt develop clinical signs and only those with very high dose shed virus = dont play a role in transmission. 👉 www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/jour...

Beyond catching birds, how do different environmental surveillance approaches compare for AIV surveillance? qPCR better than bulk sequencing, and filtered water samples better than sediment. 👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...

mRNA-H5 vaccine w modified HA trimer of A/turkey/Stavropol/320-01/2020 (H5N8). BALB/c mice vaccinated: stimulate specific humoral and T-cell immune responses, 100% protection. 👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13...

2023 HPAI outbreak in South American Sea Lions: atypically high number of abortions + abnormal reproductive behaviours: including males retaining and mounting females outside the breeding season + necrophilia 👉 revistas.unal.edu.co/index.php/ac...

Development of a cell line 2G8D5, expressing full-length H9N2 NS1 protein to inhibit type I interferon. vaccine strain replicated to higher titers in 2G8D5 vs MDCK cells. Perhaps useful for vaccine production. 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

Used AI tools: epitope mapping, molecular docking, immune simulation =design a multiepitope DNA vaccine incl top B + T cell epitopes. In silico prediction only. 👉 www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17...

3D antigenic cartography + monoclonal antibody profiling of H9N2 HA antigenic site mutations = R118-A a vaccine candidate w cross-protection against H9N2 antigenic lineages. 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...

49 farm outbreaks w <2000 infected wild birds detected in Denmark, 2020–2024. Constant hot spot of HPAIV spillover risk in southern Zealand. precision of 78%. Pop changes of Barnacle Geese important. 👉 doi.org/10.1016/j.pr...

Virome-scale study of Siberian Cranes and Geese at Poyang Lake, China. 1500 viral species in the samples, although many would be diet or micorbiome associated. Coronas, Astros, Calicis, Picornas present. 👉 journals.asm.org/doi/full/10....

H9N2 AIV lacking PA-X = 🔻 replication efficiency in chicken embryos + mammalian cell lines+ deficiency attenuates inflammatory cytokine expression, type I interferon production, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation 👉 doi.org/10.1016/j.ve...

2344b in India - H5N1 likely imported from E Asia (Japan), and H5N8 from China/Japan. Multiple introductions detected. 👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...