loading . . . Ongoing failure to agree AR7 timeline is âunprecedentedâ in IPCC history Governments have, once again, failed to agree on a timeline for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) seventh assessment cycle (AR7), two years into the process.
Last week, more than 300 scientists and government officials from around the world met in Lima, Peru for the 63rd session of the IPCC (IPCC-63).
According to the Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB), reporting exclusively from inside the four-day meeting, the closed-door talks were characterised by âfraught deliberationsâ where âonce-routineâ issues became âdeeply controversial and time-consumingâ.
Countries reached a compromise on the content of a methodology report on carbon dioxide removal technologies â a sticking point at the last IPCC meeting.
However, the meeting marked the fourth time in a row that delegates could not reach consensus on the timings of the IPCCâs influential three-part assessment report, after deadlocked talks in Hangzhou, China earlier this year and Sofia, Bulgaria and Istanbul, Turkey in 2024.
Observers told Carbon Brief of an atmosphere of âdeepening mistrustâ at the meeting, as emerging economies clashed with a coalition of small-island states and developed nations amid repeated accusations of âmicromanagementâ.
IPCC chair Prof Jim Skea reportedly lamented in his closing remarks that âas a category five hurricane [ Hurricane Melissa ] swept through the Carribean, IPCC-63 was deliberating on pronouns and footnotesâ.
One former IPCC author tells Carbon Brief that certain countriesâ opposition to agreeing a âdeadline for AR7â was a âclear tactic for playing down the importance of IPCC climate science in decision-making on climate changeâ.
Historic splits
Each assessment cycle, the IPCC publishes three âworking groupâ reports that focus on climate science (WG1), impacts and adaptation (WG2) and mitigation (WG3). It also publishes a small number of special reports and methodology reports.
The IPCCâs current assessment cycle has been underway since July 2023, with the authors for its three headline reports confirmed earlier this year.Â
It is atypical for the IPCC to have not yet agreed when these reports would be published so far into an assessment cycle. The workplans for AR5 and AR6 were âagreed with little difficultyâ, the ENB notes in its summary of the event, adding:
âThe debate about the timeline is unprecedented in the history of the IPCC.â
There are, broadly speaking, two camps in the debate around timelines for AR7.
The first wants a timeline that would align the publication of the IPCCâs three headline reports, plus special and methodology reports, with the second â global stocktake â (GST).
The GST is an appraisal of global progress on tackling climate change, which takes place every five years under the Paris Agreement . The second GST is scheduled to conclude at COP33 at the end of 2028, so that its findings can inform the fourth round of national climate pledges due a few years later.Â
Other countries, however, have advocated for a longer timeline. Among their concerns are the potential burden reviewing reports back-to-back could place on more resource-strapped countries, as well as whether the current schedule offers enough time for gaps in scientific literature to be filled.Â
As proceedings kicked off in Peru, the IPCC proposed a timeline for AR7 which would see all three of its headline reports published in 2028, with approval sessions earmarked for May, June and July of that year for the three working group reports.Â
WGI co-chair Dr Robert Vautard noted that the ongoing uncertainty on timelines was stressful for both the authors of reports, as well as for scientists wishing to submit research for the cycle, according to the ENB.
The delegation from Antigua and Barbuda, meanwhile, noted that agreement on the timeline is typically procedural and ânot negotiated by governmentsâ. It also said the proposed cycle length of around six-and-a-half years was consistent with the IPCCâs last two assessment cycles.
Aerial view of a plenary event at IPCC-63. Credit: IISD/ENB â Anastasia Rodopoulou
âCompromiseâ timelineÂ
Throughout the four-day meeting, positions on both sides on the debate around AR7 remained âentrenchedâ, the ENB notes.Â
A âmajorityâ of countries were in favour of a workplan which would align AR7 with the GST, the ENB says. However, this group was opposed by a âsmaller, but growingâ number of countries in favour of a less compressed timeline.Â
Early on in proceedings, for example, Kenya described a slower timeline as a âgreat equaliserâ and said a more compressed timeline did not favour authors, nor the coordinating agencies, from developing countries, ENB says.Â
Meanwhile, India argued that the GST was âextraneousâ to the IPCC and said there were no formal IPCC rules about aligning with the stocktaking exercise, according to ENB. Algeria, China, Libya, India, Russia, Saudi Arabia and South Africa also reportedly voiced their opposition to the IPCCâs proposals.
Inclusivity concerns were also cited by countries in favour of the IPCCâs timeline. For example, the small-island state of Vanuatu reportedly said that delaying the reports would deprive countries of important scientific information ahead of key international meetings.Â
Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, France, the Gambia, Korea and Nepal were among the countries to speak up in favour of the IPCCâs proposed timeline, according to ENB.
Simon Steill , executive director of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), urged countries to agree on a timeline which aligned AR7 with the GST. In his opening address to the Lima meeting, he said:
âTaken together, the reports will be indispensable and I will continue to urge all countries to agree on timelines that ensure all three assessments inform the second global stocktake.Â
âBecause the stocktake is not just a technical exercise. It is a crucial moment for the world to recognise the state of play, reaffirm its commitment to Paris and respond with action and support at the pace and scale that science demands.âÂ
The ENB reports that a contact group was set up on Monday to work through the issue, co-chaired by Brazil and Denmark.
On Tuesday, a revised timeline for AR7 was presented by WG1 co-chair Dr Xiaoye Zhang and WG2 co-chair Dr Bart Van den Hurk , which took into account deliberations from the contact group, the ENB says. It set out a number of changes to the initial timeline, concentrated at the end of the cycle so as to address government concerns while limiting impacts on report authors. Â
This included spacing out approval sessions â where the final reports are signed off line by line â so that WG2 would be held in July 2028 (instead of June) and WG3 in September (instead of July). It also set out an extension of expert and government review periods for report drafts.Â
Discussion of the revised schedule was deferred until Wednesday at the request of Ghana, Kenya, India, Russia and Saudi Arabia.Â
As talks resumed, a number of emerging-economy countries spoke out against the updated timeline, including Algeria, Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia and Zimbabwe, ENB notes.Â
Russia said that aligning the work of the IPCC with the UNFCCC would send a ânegative signalâ, ENB says, whereas China suggested that the timeline would put âpressureâ on developing countries. South Africa similarly argued that the timeline would âharmâ the inclusivity and geographic representativeness of the reports, according to ENB.Â
Among the countries in favour of the revised timeline were small-island developing states Haiti, Jamaica, Sao Tome and Principe and Vanuatu, as well developed economies Australia, Finland, Italy, Ireland, New Zealand and the UK, ENB says.Â
Grenada is quoted by ENB as describing the new timeline constituted a âcompromise of a compromiseâ. The country also emphasised that it was supported by a majority of countries across regions and development levels, ENB says.
At the request of certain members of the contact group, WG1âs Vautard presented a visualisation of the new timeline for all three reports and the special report on cities on Wednesday evening. The graphic â seen by Carbon Brief â plots the timeline for âfirst-orderâ draft review (by experts), âsecond-orderâ draft review (by governments and experts), final government review and panel approval for each report.Â
Vautard noted that first-order draft reviews of the WG1 and WG2 reports overlapped âintentionallyâ, to allow experts to see both drafts at once.
(The request for a visualisation prompted accusations â not for the first time at the meeting â that certain countries were drawing the IPCC process into âmicromanagementâ, the ENB notes.)
The visualisation was followed by a new wave of objections from countries, who argued against a timeline where review periods for different reports overlapped with each other and UNFCCC meetings, according to ENB.
Among them were Russia and China, who argued that AR7 should be extended to 2029, ENB says. (Russia reportedly said it would âconsider a planâ to deliver the overarching synthesis report by December 2029 â if its concerns were addressed.)
On the other hand, Antigua and Barbuda argued that avoiding any overlaps would not be feasible and expressed concerns that certain countriesâ interventions seemed to be aimed âmore at delay than progressâ, the ENB notes.Â
Skea said he âstruggled to seeâ why consecutive and overlapping reviews were a problem, according to the ENB. He noted that the IPCC rulebook states that panel and working group sessions should be scheduled to coordinate with, âto the extent possible, with other related international meetingsâ.
Lindsey Fielder-Cook , interim deputy director and the representative for climate change at the Quaker UN Office , was an observer to the talks. She tells Carbon Brief that âblockingâ governments had âserious and genuine concernsâ around the lack of equity inclusion in climate modelling and a failure of co-chairs to âsufficiently engageâ with their proposals.
However, she says these countries also cited âstructuralâ concerns around timing and capacity that âcould be overcomeâ and speculated that these were âused to cover [for] what the countries do not say publiclyâ. She adds:
âFor example, concerns include capacity and vacation times during [report] review times â which were not a concern raised by small-island developing states and many least-developed countries with even less capacity, [as well as concerns about] developing country scientific input, which the IPCC has made genuine efforts to improve.â
On Thursday evening, the facilitators of the contact group reported that no consensus had been reached, the ENB notes. Consequently, the IPCC agreed to â once again â defer decisions on the rest of the workplan to a future session.
Countries agreed that working groups should press on with activities and author meetings detailed in the 2026 budget.
(This outcome â where the IPCC plans in annual increments â had been described earlier in the week by Skea as the âworst optionâ. Nepal, meanwhile, said this result would âharm the IPCCâs legitimacyâ.)
Routine issues âhave become controversialâÂ
This is now the fourth meeting in a row â following Istanbul , Sofia and Hangzhou â where the timeline for producing, reviewing and publishing the IPCCâs reports in AR7 has not been agreed.
In its analysis of the âfraught negotiationsâ in Lima, the ENB notes that âdeep divisionsâ on the timeline and other procedural issues have âplagued the IPCC during the first two years of its seventh assessment cycleâ. It added:
âIssues that were once routine have become deeply controversial and time-consuming.â
The failure to approve the timeline for AR7 was not the only issue on which countries were unable to agree. Approval of the official summaries of the two preceding IPCC meetings was also deferred, after certain countries said they could not sign off on the drafts.
After the previous IPCC meeting in Hangzhou, Skea told Carbon Brief that negotiations over just the outlines of the three AR7 working group reports âhad some of the quality of an approval sessionâ, where a finished report is scrutinised line by line.
In Lima, Skea âremarked that these disagreements [over the timeline] are unprecedented so early in an assessment cycleâ, the ENB reports.
Throughout the meeting, the ENB records multiple instances of countries voicing their concerns about the implications for the work of the IPCC.
A selection of interventions by country delegations at the IPCCâs Lima meeting, as reported in the ENBâs meeting summary. ENB ( 2025 )
In its analysis of the meeting, the ENB says these concerns reflect âgrowing tensions within the panel, as âdelegates expressed increasing frustration with what they see as inflexible positionsâ.
The ENB also notes:Â
âReferences made in this session to disrespectful interactions among delegates are atypical in the IPCC context and raise concerns that trust the basis for compromise and flexibility may be dwindling in some parts of the IPCC.â
(The IPCC has not responded to Carbon Briefâs multiple interview requests.)
In her observations, Fielder-Cook tells Carbon Brief that the meeting was âactually more relaxedâ than recent IPCC sessions. This was âin part due to the gentle and generous hosting of Peru and in part to a sense of resignation on the timelineâ.
Nonetheless, she says, the mood in the room was of âconcern for the IPCC and its reputation, for its ability to protect science from intensifying political influenceâ, as well as âconcern over the increasing political efforts to influence the scientific outputâ. She adds:Â
âWhile the work will continue, IPCC authors working voluntarily have no clear timeline on their voluntary commitment.â
Prof Lisa Schipper , a professor of development geography at the University of Bonn and IPCC AR6 author, tells Carbon Brief:
âSome countries refusing to set a deadline for the AR7 is a clear tactic for playing down the importance of IPCC climate science in decision-making on climate change. And this will be a problem if the report is done and cannot be approved and used by governments.â
Nonetheless, she adds, âthere is plenty of good science being produced and governments are not in any way restricted from using this science in their decision-makingâ.Â
Ultimately, though, âwe do need a decision on the AR7 timelineâ, she says:
âNo other single report provides the same evaluation and assessment of this collected knowledge or is able to give an authoritative overview of what we know, what we donât know, and which future is more likely under different conditions.â
Consensus on CDRÂ
Earlier this year in Hangzhou, governments failed to reach consensus on the outline for a methodology report on carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies, which is slated for publication in 2027.
This was largely due to disagreements around chapter seven in the proposed outline, a section that would focus on carbon removals from oceans, lakes and rivers.
On the first day in Lima, Takeshi Enoki â a co-chair of the IPCC task force on national greenhouse gas inventories (TFI), which is responsible for producing the report â introduced the outline and workplan for the methodology report.Â
Enoki explained that discussions about the report would focus on the table of contents and âparticularly the proposed volume seven on the direct removal of CO2 from waterbodiesâ, according to ENB.
Fielder-Cook â the observer from the Quaker UN Office â tells Carbon Brief there was âsignificant concernâ across a ârange of developed and developing countriesâ over language in the initial methodology report outline that âcould allow harmful marine geoengineeringâ.Â
Antigua and Barbuda, France and Germany were among the countries who opposed the inclusion of a seventh chapter. They cited concerns related to the âeffectiveness, scalability, legality and environmental impactsâ of marine CDR, the ENB notes.
Some of these countries suggested that the IPCC adopt the outline for âvolumes one to sixâ, âwith the possibility of adding to these volumes laterâ, the ENB says.Â
However, Saudi Arabia said that all âexpert-recognised CDR and CCUS technologies, including marine-based technologies, must be consideredâ. It called for an outline that âencompasses the full spectrum of these technologiesâ.
ENB notes that the âpoint of contentionâ was whether the IPCC should develop methodologies for measuring and assessing the impacts of all CDR technologies. Some countries argued that the report should be limited to technologies that are âenvironmentally safeâ, while others argued that it is ânot the responsibility of a TFI methodology report to make that judgmentâ.
Delegates huddle to discuss the methodology report on CDR and CCUS at IPCC-63. Credit: IISD/ENB â Anastasia Rodopoulou
Skea set up a contact group on the first day of the meeting, facilitated by China and Turkey, to work on the outline of the report.Â
The following days saw âsignificant discussionâ within the contact group, before delegates reconvened in plenary on Thursday to continue discussing the report, according to the ENB.
Delegates were eventually able to reach a compromise on the outline by agreeing to remove the chapter on direct removal of CO2 from waterbodies from the plan, the ENB reports.Â
Meanwhile, delegates agreed to hold an expert meeting on alkalinity enhancement â the addition of alkaline substances to seawater, which allows the ocean to take in more carbon from the atmosphere â and direct ocean capture. This meeting will be co-organised by the TFI and the three IPCC working groups.Â
Funding âshortfallâ
At the Lima meeting, countries approved the IPCCâs budgets for 2025 and 2026, but also noted âwith concern the significantly reduced cash balanceâ of the IPCC trust fund and the âaccelerating declineâ in the level of annual voluntary contributions from countries and other organisations, says the ENB.
The IPCC is funded by its parent organisations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and UN Environment Programme (UNEP), along with voluntary contributions from member governments and the UNFCCC.
These contributions feed into the IPCC âtrust fundâ, which is used to pay for the work of the IPCC. In addition, member countries provide âin-kindâ support, such as offering facilities for meetings and hosting the âtechnical support unitsâ for each working group.
By the end of June, contributions in 2025 amounted to 1.2m Swiss francs (ÂŁ1.1m) â significantly down compared to the annual totals of previous years. Compared to spending of 2.9m Swiss francs (ÂŁ2.8m), this leaves a shortfall of around 1.7m Swiss francs (ÂŁ1.6m) for 2025.Â
At the start of this year, the balance of the trust fund stood at 17.8m Swiss francs (ÂŁ16.9m).
The chart below shows the direct contributions from countries and organisations throughout the IPCCâs history and up to the end of June this year.
Chart showing the largest direct contributors to the IPCC since its inception in 1988, with the US (red bars), European Union (dark blue) and UNFCCC/WMO/UNEP (mid blue) highlighted. Grey bars show all other contributors combined. Figures for 2025 are January to June inclusive. Figures for 1988-2003 are reported per two years, so these totals have been divided equally between each year. Source: IPCC ( 2025 ) and ( 2010 ). Contributions have been adjusted, as per IPCC footnotes, so they appear in the year they are received, rather than pledged.
The largest direct contributions to the IPCC trust fund so far this year have come from Norway (244,000 Swiss francs, or ÂŁ230,000), the UNFCCC (230,000 Swiss francs, or ÂŁ220,000), Canada (210,000 Swiss francs, or ÂŁ200,000) and the WMO (125,000 Swiss francs, or ÂŁ118,000).
Other countries to contribute this year include Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Peru, South Korea, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago, and 213 Swiss francs (ÂŁ200) from Cambodia.
The US â which has provided 30% of the IPCCâs direct contributions throughout its history â has not made a contribution so far this year.
In its final decision, the panel invited âmember countries to make their annual voluntary contributions to the IPCC trust fund and, if possible, to increase [them]â, says the ENB.
Member countries also discussed a proposal from the WMO for the IPCC to pay 300,000 Swiss francs (ÂŁ280,000) for administrative support that was previously provided as an in-kind contribution.Â
Given the âdeteriorating financial situationâ of the IPCC, the ENB reports that a decision on this proposal was deferred â not to the next meeting, but the one after that.
Progress reports and next stepsÂ
The Lima meeting was also an opportunity for each IPCC working group to update the rest of the delegates on progress since the last meeting.
All working groups discussed the process of selecting authors for the IPCCâs upcoming seventh assessment, highlighting their efforts to be âinclusiveâ.
For example, the WG3 co-chair said 52% of the selected WG3 authors are from developing countries, 40% are female and 59% are new to the IPCC.Â
A WG2 co-chair also reported that six chapter scientists had been selected from more than 1,320 applications for the special report on cities slated for publication in March 2027.
In addition, the WG1 co-chairs outlined their preparations for the first joint-lead author meeting for their assessment report, which will be held in December 2025.
They also laid out plans for a cross-working group âexpert meetingâ on â Earth system high impact events, tipping points and their consequences â, co-sponsored by the World Climate Research Programme (WCPR).
The meeting also granted â observer status â to 20 new organisations, allowing them to attend IPCC sessions and nominate experts as authors or workshop leads.Â
The IPCC confirmed that its next meeting will be held in Bangkok, Thailand over 24-27 March 2026.Â
Skea announced that workshops on âdiverse knowledge systems and methods of assessmentâ will be held in February 2026 at the University of Reading in the UK.Â
Skea also proposed an expert meeting to âsupport the transition from conceptual design to technical implementationâ of the AR7 WG1 and WG2 interactive atlases .
The atlases are interactive online tools that allow users to explore much of the data underpinning the working group reports.Â
The meeting was approved, subject to agreement on the budget. It is slated to take place between April and June 2026.Â
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