1. From the bulla “Tamquam bene sibi” by pope Alexander IV dated October 14, 1259, in response to the threat of king Béla IV of Hungary to get closer to the Mongols if the Apostolic See refused to provide concrete assistance to repel their potential invasion. #mongolsky #tengri

1. From the “New Church History” (Historia ecclesiastica nova) by the Dominican Tolomeo Fiadoni of Lucca. #mongolsky #tengri “Anno Domini MoCCCoIo. Unus dominus Tartarorum invasit alium, qui dicebatur Tocha, vir bonus et qui multum fa (superfluous word) diligebat Christianos.

1. From Ramon Llull’s petition to Pope Boniface VIII in 1295 regarding the conversion of infidels. #mongolsky #tengri Llull is quite optimistic about the possibility of converting the Mongols to Christianity due to the fact that, in his opinion, they remain pagans

1. A few notes on a couple of sources about the Mongol invasion of Bulgaria in 1242. #mongolsky #tengri First, Andrea Dandolo, who claims that the Mongols captured Bulgaria after the conquest of Crimea in 1238, but before the invasion of Hungary in 1241:

1. A fragment from the “Book of Harmony between Faith and Intellect” by Ramon Llull of 1309 with the mention of Chapar, Khan of the eastern part of the Chaghadaid ulus, in an interesting context. Llull probably learned the name of Chapar from Hayton. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Giovanni Villani on the Mongol invasion of Thrace in the autumn of 1323. #mongolsky #tengri “Come i Tarteri di Ghazzeria corsono Grecia Nel detto anno del mese di febbraio il Tartero de la Ghazzeria e Rusia, ch’aveva nome …

1. From a letter by Marino Sanudo Torsello addressed to Paolino Veneto, bishop of Pozzuoli, in 1335. #mongolsky #tengri “[Episcopo] Puteolano Reverendissime in Christo pater et domine, domine mi precordialissime. Ad hoc ut omnia vobis liqueant manifeste, duo fratres Jacobini,

1. From the “Relation” by Giovanni de’ Marignolli. #mongolsky #tengri “Inde navigavimus Mare Maurum et in octo diebus pervenimus in Caffa, ubi multarum sectarum sunt Christiani. Inde ad primum Thartarorum Imperatorem Usbec pervenimus et obtulimus literas, pannos, de[x]trarium, tyriacam et dona pape.

1. Two resolutions of the Venetian Senate dated December 22, 1338, supplementing the account of Giovanni de’ Marignolli on his mission to China. #mongolsky #tengri “Capta Quod concedatur nobili viro Andallo de Savignonis de Janua, ambaxatori domini Imperatoris Tartarorum de Catayo,

1. An amusing interpretation of the Mongol invasion of Poland in 1341 from the pen of the Dominican Galvano Fiamma in distant Italy. #mongolsky #tengri “De Tartaris, qui invaserunt Christianos Ab Oriente Tartari, qui solo lacte et carnibus vescuntur,

1. An interesting letter from the Dominican Peter Geraldi, Latin bishop of Sevastopol, that is, Sukhumi, addressed to Simon Mepeham, archbishop of Canterbury, October 13, 1330. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Hayton on the raid of Jebe and Sübe’edei in 1220–1221. #mongolsky #tengri “Cogitavit enim Hoccota Can, qualiter posset totam Asyam subjugare, et primo voluit experiri potentiam regum Asye, [ante]quam personaliter se moveret, et cognoscere voluit principem fortiorem,

1. An interesting parallel between the letter by Templar master of France, Ponce d’Aubon, and the text of Ibn al-Athir, that is, between completely independent sources. #mongolsky #tengri “Il n’ardent nule vile, fors quant il se deffendent contre euz;

1. An interesting quote from the “Ğawāhir al-ʿuqūd wa-muʿīn al-quḍāt wal-muwaqqiʿīn waš-šuhūd” (The Contents of Contracts and the Aide to Judges, Notaries, and Legal Witnesses) by Šams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Minhāğī al-Asyūṭī of 1484 #mongolsky #tengri

1. Fragment from the anonymous “Catalog of the Friars Minor,” circa 1450. #mongolsky #tengri “Item in provincia Sancti Anthonii [jacet] frater Odoricus, qui .XXXIIIIor. annos inter infideles legebat verbum vite, predicans multis annis et lingwis, peragratus pervenit ad Indos,

1. Pegolotti’s “Trading Guide” seems to be the first source clarifying the amount of tax on the value of goods exported from and imported into Caffa in the part of his text where he describes the conditions of trade in the Golden Horde in the early 1320s. #mongolsky #tengri

1. It is good to have access to Francesco Pegolotti’s manuscript, since Allan Evans has somewhat simplified the spelling of some of the names in his edition. #mongolsky #tengri “Avixamento del viaggio del Ghattaio per lo chanmino della Tana ad andare e tornare chon merchatantia.

1. Several interesting geographical names in a letter from the Spanish Franciscan Paschal of Vitoria dated August 10, 1338. #mongolsky #tengri “Et habui mandatum a vicario meo, qui precedebat, quod visa littera, in meritum obedientie salutaris perficerem peregrinationem, quam ceperam.

1. From a letter from the Spanish Franciscan Paschal of Vitoria about his temporary delay in one of the cities of the Chaghadaid ulus (possibly Otrar) due to the unrest after the murder of Changshi Khan. #mongolsky #tengri

1. From the response of pope Alexander IV to the request of king Béla IV of Hungary for help against the Mongols in connection with the threat of attack from Berke. #mongolsky #tengri Bulla “Tamquam bene sibi,” October 14, 1259

1. From the bulla “Vocem in excelso” by pope Gregory IX addressed to king Béla IV of Hungary on June 16, 1241. #mongolsky #tengri “Firmam igitur spem in illo ponentes, qui etsi regi Assyriorum, Senacherib, liberum in terram Israelis ingressum exhibuit, super Ezechie tamen contritione commotus,

1. Unlike Jan Długosz, Maciej Miechowita was familiar with the text by master Roger. As a consequence, he made some corrections to Jan Długosz’s account of the Mongol invasion of 1241, which Maciej Miechowita paraphrased in abridged form in his “Treatise on the Two Sarmatias.” #mongolsky #tengri

1. Two very similar Dominican accounts, one century apart, regarding the advantage of Muslims over their Catholic rivals in preaching among the Mongols. #mongolsky #tengri The Dominican Riccoldo da Montecroce, “Libellus ad nationes orientales”, c. 1300, regarding the Ilkhanate:

1. Pucci Donati, Francesca. Due inedite pergamene pisane duecentesche rogate a Soldaia // Nuova rivista storica. Roma: Società editrice Dante Alighieri, 2021. Anno CV. Fascicolo II. P. 603–611. www.academia.edu/49288944 #mongolsky #tengri

1. The letter from Ladislaus (Ladizlaus in the text), Custodian of the Franciscans of Gazaria, that is, Crimea, dated April 11, 1287. #mongolsky #tengri Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ott.lat.2115, fol. 62r–v. digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Ott...

1. I’m wondering why bother with such inserts and write about something about which the author has no idea. #mongolsky #tengri “The Mongol attack on Europe started during the first half of the thirteenth century with Batu Khan’s defeat of the German, Austrian, Hungarian

1. Two miniatures from the French translation by Jean de Vignay of the “Historical Mirror” by Vincent de Beauvais. Unfortunately, only black and white copies. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Vladimir Tizengauzen was unable to identify the author of the “Tashrīf al-ayyām wa-l-`uṣūr fi sīrat al-Malik al-Manṣūr” (Ennobling the Days and the Epochs with Regard to the Life of al-Malik al-Manṣūr) #mongolsky #tengri

1. Jan Długosz reproduces the following passage from a bulla of pope Gregory IX authorizing the preaching of the cross against the Mongols in aid of Poland #mongolsky #tengri

1. I wonder why Juvaini mistakenly date Jochi’s attack on Jand to April 1219, and not 1220? #mongolsky #tengri Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror by ‘Ala-ad-Din ‘Ata-Malik Juvaini Translated from the Text of Mizra Muhammad Qazvini. Second Edition

1. A little about the responsibility of translators: #mongolsky #tengri “Likewise, while in Čagatai Khan’s yurt for a meeting, William of Rubruck witnessed the khan sharing a sort of bed with his wife ... On the contrary,

1. Simon of Saint-Quentin states (in XXXII, 29) that Kostandin of Baberon, father of both king Het‘um I of Cilicia and Smbat Sparapet, died on the way to the Mongols. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Beautiful mid-fifteenth century depictions of the battle of Legnica and its failed siege. Biblioteka Uniwersytecka we Wrocławiu, IV F 192, fol. 6r–v. www.bibliotekacyfrowa.pl/dlibra/publi... #mongolsky #tengri

1. It is interesting to see how a reputable researcher reproduces the fantasies of Jan Długosz. #mongolsky #tengri “The Mongol advance corps that had penetrated into Poland at the beginning of 1241 sacked Sandomir and Cracow, and on 9 April they defeated the joint forces of the Poles

1. The five Diez albums. #mongolsky #tengri Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Diez A fol. 70: digital.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/werkansicht?...

1. I had the opportunity to take a quick look at this publication. Die Hystoria Tartarorum des C. de Bridia / Juriatti, Tonio (d.). Graz: Unipress Verlag, 2018. search.worldcat.org/title/110864... #mongolsky #tengri A few words about the name of the Franciscan author of the source.

1. Simon of Saint-Quentin about the Western campaign of the Mongols (XXXII, 34). #mongolsky #tengri “Fertur autem Bathot .XVIII. barones fratres non ex eodem patre nec ex eadem matre, sed ex diversis habuisse, quorum unusquisque .X. milia bellatorum ad minus habebat sub se.

1. A strange description of the helmet purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2007 (accession number 2007.86). www.metmuseum.org/art/collecti... #mongolsky #tengri

1. A miniature from another copy of Hayton’s treatise depicting the legend of how Chinggis Khan escaped from enemies in the bushes thanks to an owl (here simply “a bird called duc”): #mongolsky #tengri

1. Hayton again. #mongolsky #tengri Jebe and Sübe’edei defeat the Georgians in early 1221. Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 26v. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4/

1. Some miniatures from a copy of Hayton’s treatise. #mongolsky #tengri Öködei Khan directs Jebe and Sübe’edei to conquer western Asia in 1220. Of course it was Chinggis Khan, not Öködei. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 16v. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b...

From the “History of the Mongols” by John of Plano Carpini #mongolsky #tengri “Statuit etiam quod per millenarios et centenarios, et decanos, et tenebras, id est decem milia debeat eorum exercitus ordinari” Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 181, p. 292, 31. parker.stanford.edu/parker/catal...

1. Beautiful miniatures from the “Abridged chronicles” by David Aubert (1462). #mongolsky #tengri a. On the left, the Dominican Azelino of Lombardy, together with friars Alexander and Albert/Alberic, receive the bulla “Cum non solum” from pope Innocent IV in Lyon in late March or early April 1245

1. “In terra illa habitat Ortu, qui est seniort (recte: senior) super Bati, immo est omnium ducum Tartarorum antiquorum (recte: antiquior). Et etiam ordou (recte: est orda) sive curia patris ipsius, in qua est una de uxoribus ejus, que ipsam regit. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Another illustration from the “Mare Historiarum” by the Dominican Giovanni Colonna. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Chinese whispers. An amusing fifteenth-century illustration of a Mongol funeral rite described in the “Mare historiarum” by the Dominican Giovanni Colonna (before 1344). #mongolsky #tengri Here is the description:

1. In my opinion, this is a good “comforting” quote from Ibn Battuta’s “Rihla” for any friend awakened by the unexpected ringing of bells early in the morning in Italy. I had a daily experience while renting an apartment near the Basilica of St. Dominic in Siena. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Bulla of pope Gregory IX dated April 26, 1231, addressed to the Hungarian prince Béla (future king Béla IV) demanding the return of the possessions of the Teutonic brothers in Burzenland taken by king Andrew II of Hungary in 1225. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Bulla of pope Honorius III of December 19, 1222 addressed to the Teutonic brothers with confirmation of the charter of king András II of Hungary of May of the same year. #mongolsky #tengri The pope testifies to the granting to the Teutonic brothers of Burzenland in Transylvania

1. Albéric of Trois-Fontaine on the baptism of the Cumans in 1227. #mongolsky #tengri “In Hungaria magister Robertus Vesprimiensis, vir bonus et religiosus, de Leodiensi dyocesi natus, factus fuerat archiepiscopus Strigoniensis. Eo igitur crucesignato et in procinctu itineris constituto,