1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 21v. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b... Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 33v–34r. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 21r. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b... Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 33r. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 20v. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b... Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 30v. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 20r. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b... Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 30r. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 19v. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b... Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 29v. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 19r. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b... Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 29r. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 18v. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b... Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 28v. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 18r. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b... Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 28r. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 17v. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b...

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 17r. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b... Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 26v. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 16v. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b...

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 16r. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b...

1. Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 23v–24r. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 15v. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b... Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 22v. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 15r. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b... Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 22r. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, NAF 886, fol. 14v. gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/b... Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. 2623, fol. 21v. viewer.onb.ac.at/131B2DE4

1. Two identical illustrations to the passage in Hayton’s treatise where Chinggis Khan dreamed of an armed warrior on a white horse, #mongolsky #tengri

Hautala, Roman. Masters of the Earth: A History of the Golden Horde, 1219–1502. London: Reaktion Books, 2026. reaktionbooks.co.uk/work/masters... #mongolsky #tengri #medievalsky

1. A rare case where the Muslim date matches the Mongol one in Rashid al-Din’s text and where the English translation matches the Russian one: “In the autumn of Bars Yil, the Year of the Leopard [21.1.1254–8.2.1255] that began in Dhu’l-Hijja 651 [22.1.1254], #mongolsky #tengri

1. An interesting remark by Peter Jackson regarding the passage in William of Rubruck’s “Itinerarium” where he talks about the former land of the Qarluqs whose capital was Qayaliq in the modern Sarkand district of Zhetysu region of Qazaqstan: #mongolsky #tengri

1. A beautiful fire in Velikie Luki, Pskov region #mongolsky #tengri

1. “NATO’s own defences can hold for now but with its economy dedicated to war, Russia could be ready to use military force against NATO within five years.” www.nato.int/en/news-and-... #mongolsky #tengri

1. A rather superficial and inaccurate depiction of Amir Timur’s invasion of the Golden Horde on the map from Peter Jackson’s “From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane” (the description of the invasion on p. 289 is extremely brief and evasive). #mongolsky #tengri

1. If I had to choose between Toqtamïsh and Edigü, I would choose Toqtamïsh’s side for three reasons. #mongolsky #tengri

1. According to Jan Długosz, Jalal al-Din Khan decided to strengthen friendly relations with the Polish king, and his embassy arrived at the royal summit in Buda, #mongolsky #tengri

1. The “Resurrection Chronicle” on the reason why Edigü decided to lift the siege of Moscow in December 1408. #mongolsky #tengri “Царь же Булат в ужасе зело бысть. И посылает вскоре на Русь по Едигея скоро[по]сольники своя, веляще ему без всякого пождания поити к себе со многою скоростию,

1. The “Resurrection Chronicle” about the army of Vytautas on the eve of his defeat on the Vorskla River on August 12, 1399. #mongolsky #tengri “Князь Витофт Кестутьевичь Литовьский собравь воя многи, с ним же бе царь Тахтамыш [с] своим двором,

1. Letter from Švitrigaila, addressed to Paul von Rusdorf, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, on November 29, 1436, with fresh news of Sayyid Ahmad Khan’s recent victory over Ulugh Muhammad Khan. #mongolsky #tengri “Ceterumque, Sedachmeth, Cesar Tartarorum,

1. The name “Golden Horde” is first encountered in the “Kazan History” of the 1560s, that is, when it no longer existed. #mongolsky #tengri At this point, the “Kazan History” sadly describes how Iaroslav Vsevolodich (d. 1246) was the first prince to pay tribute to the Mongols,

1. According to Juvaini, Ulaghchi was the son of Sartaq. #mongolsky #tengri Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror by ‘Ala-ad-Din ‘Ata-Malik Juvaini Translated from the Text of Mizra Muhammad Qazvini. Second Edition /

1. Fragment from the recording of Benedict the Pole’s oral report on his movement together with John of Plano Carpini from the Lower Volga region to Mongolia in 1246. #mongolsky #tengri “In fine Camanie transierunt fluvium, cui nomen Iarach, ubi incipit terra Kangitarum …

1. A curious hierarchy of the misdeeds of the Syrians at the end of 1299, according to Rashid al-Din. #mongolsky #tengri “They had surrounded Mardin and taken many Muslims prisoners. During the month of Ramadan they had engaged in abominations with the daughters of Muslims in mosques,

1. The Soviet translation of that part of the “Jami‘ al-tawarikh” which describes the history of the ulus of Chaghatai asserts that Geikhatu was killed by the amirs while he was at odds with Qaidu, and that Qaidu was then killed by Ghazan. #mongolsky #tengri

1. An interesting detail from the daily life of Sarai in the description of the martyrdom of the franciscan István of Várad on April 23, 1334, which is contained in the “Chronicle of the 24 General Ministers of the Minorite Order.” #mongolsky #tengri “Dum vero esset prope quoddam hospitium,

1. #mongolsky #tengri “Milites autem fortes et rusticos ad prelium ante se mittunt armatos, /fol. 3v/ ad preliandum sine sponte. Alios vero rusticos, ad preliandum minus aptos, relinqunt ad colendum terram. Et omnium tam ad prelium compulsorum, quam occisorum uxores,

1. Here is the passage (or rather, borrowing from Hayton’s text) about the Mongol conquest of Bulgaria in Andrea Dandolo’s chronicle, to which I referred a few days ago. #mongolsky #tengri “Inde Tartari procedentes, Rusie regnum occupaverunt, terram Gazarie et regnum Bulgarie

1. The “Novgorod First Chronicle of the Older Redaction” about the negotiations of the Riazan’ and other princes with the Mongols in the autumn of 1237, a couple of months before the Mongol invasion of the Riazan’ principality. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Two different accounts of the death of prince Iurii Vsevolodich of Vladimir on March 4, 1238. #mongolsky #tengri The “Laurentian Chronicle”: “И поидоша безбожнии татарове на Сить противу великому князю Гюргю. Слышав же князь Юрги с бротом (recte: братом) своимъ Святославоми с сыновци своими,

1. From the “Book of True Stories” (Liber certarum historiarum) by John of Viktring, as edited by an anonymous author from Leoben in the middle of the fourteenth century. #mongolsky #tengri “Hoc anno rex Ruthenorum moritur, et rex Krakovie, ratione consortis, que filia regis Livonie fuerat,

1. While sources are silent about the penetration of Jebe and Sübe’edei into Crimea through the ice of the Kerch strait, we have a mention that the Mongols moved towards Crimea by land. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Someday they will digitize the autograph of Francis of Prague (Franciscus Pragensis, “Chronicae Pragensis libri III”): Praha, Archiv Pražského Hradu. Knihovna Metropolitní kapituly, G 5. For now, I have to make do with this fifteenth century copy #mongolsky #tengri

1. The “Novgorod First Chronicle of the Older Redaction” about the invasion of Jebe and Sübe’edei in the North Caucasus in 1222. #mongolsky #tengri “Слышахомъ бо, яко многы страны поплениша, Ясы, Обезы, Касогы, и Половьчь безбожьныхъ множьство избиша, а инехъ /fol. 96v/

1. Thomas of Split was undoubtedly familiar with Master Roger’s text, but avoided citing it in his desire to write an independent account of the Mongol invasion of 1241/2. #mongolsky #tengri This seems to be the only paraphrased borrowing from the “Sorrowful Lament,”

1. Unfortunately, the most reliable manuscript with the text of Thomas of Split is not available to me (Split, Nadbiskupski Arhiv, Kapitolski Arhiv 623). #mongolsky #tengri

1. Fragment from a letter from king Wenceslas I of Bohemia to a certain unnamed prince contained in the formulary of the early fourteenth century of the Cistercian monastery of Baumgartenberg in Upper Austria (Baumgartenberger Formelbuch). #mongolsky #tengri

1. The “Laurentian Chronicle” about the campaign of Batu and, probably, Sübe’edei against the Erzia, the eastern regions of Suzdal’ land and Murom in the winter of 1239/40. #mongolsky #tengri “Того же лета. На зиму взяша татарове Мордовьскую землю, /fol. 164vv/ и Муром пожгоша,

1. From the bulla “Tamquam bene sibi” by pope Alexander IV dated October 14, 1259, in response to the threat of king Béla IV of Hungary to get closer to the Mongols if the Apostolic See refused to provide concrete assistance to repel their potential invasion. #mongolsky #tengri

1. From the “New Church History” (Historia ecclesiastica nova) by the Dominican Tolomeo Fiadoni of Lucca. #mongolsky #tengri “Anno Domini MoCCCoIo. Unus dominus Tartarorum invasit alium, qui dicebatur Tocha, vir bonus et qui multum fa (superfluous word) diligebat Christianos.

1. From Ramon Llull’s petition to Pope Boniface VIII in 1295 regarding the conversion of infidels. #mongolsky #tengri Llull is quite optimistic about the possibility of converting the Mongols to Christianity due to the fact that, in his opinion, they remain pagans

1. A few notes on a couple of sources about the Mongol invasion of Bulgaria in 1242. #mongolsky #tengri First, Andrea Dandolo, who claims that the Mongols captured Bulgaria after the conquest of Crimea in 1238, but before the invasion of Hungary in 1241: