1. “NATO’s own defences can hold for now but with its economy dedicated to war, Russia could be ready to use military force against NATO within five years.” www.nato.int/en/news-and-... #mongolsky #tengri

1. A rather superficial and inaccurate depiction of Amir Timur’s invasion of the Golden Horde on the map from Peter Jackson’s “From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane” (the description of the invasion on p. 289 is extremely brief and evasive). #mongolsky #tengri

1. If I had to choose between Toqtamïsh and Edigü, I would choose Toqtamïsh’s side for three reasons. #mongolsky #tengri

1. According to Jan Długosz, Jalal al-Din Khan decided to strengthen friendly relations with the Polish king, and his embassy arrived at the royal summit in Buda, #mongolsky #tengri

1. The “Resurrection Chronicle” on the reason why Edigü decided to lift the siege of Moscow in December 1408. #mongolsky #tengri “Царь же Булат в ужасе зело бысть. И посылает вскоре на Русь по Едигея скоро[по]сольники своя, веляще ему без всякого пождания поити к себе со многою скоростию,

1. The “Resurrection Chronicle” about the army of Vytautas on the eve of his defeat on the Vorskla River on August 12, 1399. #mongolsky #tengri “Князь Витофт Кестутьевичь Литовьский собравь воя многи, с ним же бе царь Тахтамыш [с] своим двором,

1. Letter from Švitrigaila, addressed to Paul von Rusdorf, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order, on November 29, 1436, with fresh news of Sayyid Ahmad Khan’s recent victory over Ulugh Muhammad Khan. #mongolsky #tengri “Ceterumque, Sedachmeth, Cesar Tartarorum,

1. The name “Golden Horde” is first encountered in the “Kazan History” of the 1560s, that is, when it no longer existed. #mongolsky #tengri At this point, the “Kazan History” sadly describes how Iaroslav Vsevolodich (d. 1246) was the first prince to pay tribute to the Mongols,

1. According to Juvaini, Ulaghchi was the son of Sartaq. #mongolsky #tengri Genghis Khan: The History of the World Conqueror by ‘Ala-ad-Din ‘Ata-Malik Juvaini Translated from the Text of Mizra Muhammad Qazvini. Second Edition /

1. Fragment from the recording of Benedict the Pole’s oral report on his movement together with John of Plano Carpini from the Lower Volga region to Mongolia in 1246. #mongolsky #tengri “In fine Camanie transierunt fluvium, cui nomen Iarach, ubi incipit terra Kangitarum …

1. A curious hierarchy of the misdeeds of the Syrians at the end of 1299, according to Rashid al-Din. #mongolsky #tengri “They had surrounded Mardin and taken many Muslims prisoners. During the month of Ramadan they had engaged in abominations with the daughters of Muslims in mosques,

1. The Soviet translation of that part of the “Jami‘ al-tawarikh” which describes the history of the ulus of Chaghatai asserts that Geikhatu was killed by the amirs while he was at odds with Qaidu, and that Qaidu was then killed by Ghazan. #mongolsky #tengri

1. An interesting detail from the daily life of Sarai in the description of the martyrdom of the franciscan István of Várad on April 23, 1334, which is contained in the “Chronicle of the 24 General Ministers of the Minorite Order.” #mongolsky #tengri “Dum vero esset prope quoddam hospitium,

1. #mongolsky #tengri “Milites autem fortes et rusticos ad prelium ante se mittunt armatos, /fol. 3v/ ad preliandum sine sponte. Alios vero rusticos, ad preliandum minus aptos, relinqunt ad colendum terram. Et omnium tam ad prelium compulsorum, quam occisorum uxores,

1. Here is the passage (or rather, borrowing from Hayton’s text) about the Mongol conquest of Bulgaria in Andrea Dandolo’s chronicle, to which I referred a few days ago. #mongolsky #tengri “Inde Tartari procedentes, Rusie regnum occupaverunt, terram Gazarie et regnum Bulgarie

1. The “Novgorod First Chronicle of the Older Redaction” about the negotiations of the Riazan’ and other princes with the Mongols in the autumn of 1237, a couple of months before the Mongol invasion of the Riazan’ principality. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Two different accounts of the death of prince Iurii Vsevolodich of Vladimir on March 4, 1238. #mongolsky #tengri The “Laurentian Chronicle”: “И поидоша безбожнии татарове на Сить противу великому князю Гюргю. Слышав же князь Юрги с бротом (recte: братом) своимъ Святославоми с сыновци своими,

1. From the “Book of True Stories” (Liber certarum historiarum) by John of Viktring, as edited by an anonymous author from Leoben in the middle of the fourteenth century. #mongolsky #tengri “Hoc anno rex Ruthenorum moritur, et rex Krakovie, ratione consortis, que filia regis Livonie fuerat,

1. While sources are silent about the penetration of Jebe and Sübe’edei into Crimea through the ice of the Kerch strait, we have a mention that the Mongols moved towards Crimea by land. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Someday they will digitize the autograph of Francis of Prague (Franciscus Pragensis, “Chronicae Pragensis libri III”): Praha, Archiv Pražského Hradu. Knihovna Metropolitní kapituly, G 5. For now, I have to make do with this fifteenth century copy #mongolsky #tengri

1. The “Novgorod First Chronicle of the Older Redaction” about the invasion of Jebe and Sübe’edei in the North Caucasus in 1222. #mongolsky #tengri “Слышахомъ бо, яко многы страны поплениша, Ясы, Обезы, Касогы, и Половьчь безбожьныхъ множьство избиша, а инехъ /fol. 96v/

1. Thomas of Split was undoubtedly familiar with Master Roger’s text, but avoided citing it in his desire to write an independent account of the Mongol invasion of 1241/2. #mongolsky #tengri This seems to be the only paraphrased borrowing from the “Sorrowful Lament,”

1. Unfortunately, the most reliable manuscript with the text of Thomas of Split is not available to me (Split, Nadbiskupski Arhiv, Kapitolski Arhiv 623). #mongolsky #tengri

1. Fragment from a letter from king Wenceslas I of Bohemia to a certain unnamed prince contained in the formulary of the early fourteenth century of the Cistercian monastery of Baumgartenberg in Upper Austria (Baumgartenberger Formelbuch). #mongolsky #tengri

1. The “Laurentian Chronicle” about the campaign of Batu and, probably, Sübe’edei against the Erzia, the eastern regions of Suzdal’ land and Murom in the winter of 1239/40. #mongolsky #tengri “Того же лета. На зиму взяша татарове Мордовьскую землю, /fol. 164vv/ и Муром пожгоша,

1. From the bulla “Tamquam bene sibi” by pope Alexander IV dated October 14, 1259, in response to the threat of king Béla IV of Hungary to get closer to the Mongols if the Apostolic See refused to provide concrete assistance to repel their potential invasion. #mongolsky #tengri

1. From the “New Church History” (Historia ecclesiastica nova) by the Dominican Tolomeo Fiadoni of Lucca. #mongolsky #tengri “Anno Domini MoCCCoIo. Unus dominus Tartarorum invasit alium, qui dicebatur Tocha, vir bonus et qui multum fa (superfluous word) diligebat Christianos.

1. From Ramon Llull’s petition to Pope Boniface VIII in 1295 regarding the conversion of infidels. #mongolsky #tengri Llull is quite optimistic about the possibility of converting the Mongols to Christianity due to the fact that, in his opinion, they remain pagans

1. A few notes on a couple of sources about the Mongol invasion of Bulgaria in 1242. #mongolsky #tengri First, Andrea Dandolo, who claims that the Mongols captured Bulgaria after the conquest of Crimea in 1238, but before the invasion of Hungary in 1241:

1. A fragment from the “Book of Harmony between Faith and Intellect” by Ramon Llull of 1309 with the mention of Chapar, Khan of the eastern part of the Chaghadaid ulus, in an interesting context. Llull probably learned the name of Chapar from Hayton. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Giovanni Villani on the Mongol invasion of Thrace in the autumn of 1323. #mongolsky #tengri “Come i Tarteri di Ghazzeria corsono Grecia Nel detto anno del mese di febbraio il Tartero de la Ghazzeria e Rusia, ch’aveva nome …

1. From a letter by Marino Sanudo Torsello addressed to Paolino Veneto, bishop of Pozzuoli, in 1335. #mongolsky #tengri “[Episcopo] Puteolano Reverendissime in Christo pater et domine, domine mi precordialissime. Ad hoc ut omnia vobis liqueant manifeste, duo fratres Jacobini,

1. From the “Relation” by Giovanni de’ Marignolli. #mongolsky #tengri “Inde navigavimus Mare Maurum et in octo diebus pervenimus in Caffa, ubi multarum sectarum sunt Christiani. Inde ad primum Thartarorum Imperatorem Usbec pervenimus et obtulimus literas, pannos, de[x]trarium, tyriacam et dona pape.

1. Two resolutions of the Venetian Senate dated December 22, 1338, supplementing the account of Giovanni de’ Marignolli on his mission to China. #mongolsky #tengri “Capta Quod concedatur nobili viro Andallo de Savignonis de Janua, ambaxatori domini Imperatoris Tartarorum de Catayo,

1. An amusing interpretation of the Mongol invasion of Poland in 1341 from the pen of the Dominican Galvano Fiamma in distant Italy. #mongolsky #tengri “De Tartaris, qui invaserunt Christianos Ab Oriente Tartari, qui solo lacte et carnibus vescuntur,

1. An interesting letter from the Dominican Peter Geraldi, Latin bishop of Sevastopol, that is, Sukhumi, addressed to Simon Mepeham, archbishop of Canterbury, October 13, 1330. #mongolsky #tengri

1. Hayton on the raid of Jebe and Sübe’edei in 1220–1221. #mongolsky #tengri “Cogitavit enim Hoccota Can, qualiter posset totam Asyam subjugare, et primo voluit experiri potentiam regum Asye, [ante]quam personaliter se moveret, et cognoscere voluit principem fortiorem,

1. An interesting parallel between the letter by Templar master of France, Ponce d’Aubon, and the text of Ibn al-Athir, that is, between completely independent sources. #mongolsky #tengri “Il n’ardent nule vile, fors quant il se deffendent contre euz;

1. An interesting quote from the “Ğawāhir al-ʿuqūd wa-muʿīn al-quḍāt wal-muwaqqiʿīn waš-šuhūd” (The Contents of Contracts and the Aide to Judges, Notaries, and Legal Witnesses) by Šams al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Minhāğī al-Asyūṭī of 1484 #mongolsky #tengri

1. Fragment from the anonymous “Catalog of the Friars Minor,” circa 1450. #mongolsky #tengri “Item in provincia Sancti Anthonii [jacet] frater Odoricus, qui .XXXIIIIor. annos inter infideles legebat verbum vite, predicans multis annis et lingwis, peragratus pervenit ad Indos,

1. Pegolotti’s “Trading Guide” seems to be the first source clarifying the amount of tax on the value of goods exported from and imported into Caffa in the part of his text where he describes the conditions of trade in the Golden Horde in the early 1320s. #mongolsky #tengri

1. It is good to have access to Francesco Pegolotti’s manuscript, since Allan Evans has somewhat simplified the spelling of some of the names in his edition. #mongolsky #tengri “Avixamento del viaggio del Ghattaio per lo chanmino della Tana ad andare e tornare chon merchatantia.

1. Several interesting geographical names in a letter from the Spanish Franciscan Paschal of Vitoria dated August 10, 1338. #mongolsky #tengri “Et habui mandatum a vicario meo, qui precedebat, quod visa littera, in meritum obedientie salutaris perficerem peregrinationem, quam ceperam.

1. From a letter from the Spanish Franciscan Paschal of Vitoria about his temporary delay in one of the cities of the Chaghadaid ulus (possibly Otrar) due to the unrest after the murder of Changshi Khan. #mongolsky #tengri

1. From the response of pope Alexander IV to the request of king Béla IV of Hungary for help against the Mongols in connection with the threat of attack from Berke. #mongolsky #tengri Bulla “Tamquam bene sibi,” October 14, 1259

1. From the bulla “Vocem in excelso” by pope Gregory IX addressed to king Béla IV of Hungary on June 16, 1241. #mongolsky #tengri “Firmam igitur spem in illo ponentes, qui etsi regi Assyriorum, Senacherib, liberum in terram Israelis ingressum exhibuit, super Ezechie tamen contritione commotus,

1. Unlike Jan Długosz, Maciej Miechowita was familiar with the text by master Roger. As a consequence, he made some corrections to Jan Długosz’s account of the Mongol invasion of 1241, which Maciej Miechowita paraphrased in abridged form in his “Treatise on the Two Sarmatias.” #mongolsky #tengri

1. Two very similar Dominican accounts, one century apart, regarding the advantage of Muslims over their Catholic rivals in preaching among the Mongols. #mongolsky #tengri The Dominican Riccoldo da Montecroce, “Libellus ad nationes orientales”, c. 1300, regarding the Ilkhanate:

1. Pucci Donati, Francesca. Due inedite pergamene pisane duecentesche rogate a Soldaia // Nuova rivista storica. Roma: Società editrice Dante Alighieri, 2021. Anno CV. Fascicolo II. P. 603–611. www.academia.edu/49288944 #mongolsky #tengri

1. The letter from Ladislaus (Ladizlaus in the text), Custodian of the Franciscans of Gazaria, that is, Crimea, dated April 11, 1287. #mongolsky #tengri Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Ott.lat.2115, fol. 62r–v. digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Ott...