loading . . . Conference Sessions **S1:** **Hic sunt dracones? Link ‘em all! Linked Open Data, Wikidata and CIDOC CRM in Archaeology**
**Session Organisers:**
_Florian Thiery,_ Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie (LEIZA), Mainz, Germany & Research Squirrel Engineers Network
_Martina Trognitz_ , Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities (ACDH), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
_Stephen Stead_ , Paveprime Ltd, Purley, United Kingdom Daria Stefan, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Today, the World Wide Web (WWW) enables researchers to share their data, allowing the wider community to participate in scientific discourse and generate new knowledge. However, much of this shared data is neither findable nor accessible, resulting in gaps in the web map. Historical maps used the phrase ‘Hic sunt dracones’ (Latin for ‘Here be dragons’) to denote areas unknown to the mapmaker. Similarly, our modern ‘unknown data dragons’ lack connections to other datasets — they are not interoperable and, in some cases, unusable. To overcome these shortcomings, Linked Open Data (LOD) (Berners-Lee, 2006; Hylandet et al., 2013) techniques, as part of the wider Semantic Web, and Linked Open Usable Data (LOUD) (Sanderson 2019), can be used.
LOD and LOUD represent a way to provide data that adheres to the FAIR principles (Wilkinson et al., 2016), which were introduced in 2016. The acronym stands for Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable research data and metadata. To allow for greater interoperability and compatibility of digital datasets, CIDOC CRM (2024) and its extensions have established themselves as a de facto standard for digital archaeology data. A last puzzle piece to help in finding and linking all the data dragons are Wikibase instances, such as Wikidata, which entered the world in 2012 (Vrandečić and Krötzsch, 2014).
Semantic Modelling and LOD are a core part of Computational Archaeology and also an essential part of the FAIRification and Research Data Management (RDM) process inside the Research Data Lifecycle (e.g., Thiery et al., 2023; Schmidt et al, 2022; Thiery et al., 2023b; Thiery and Thiery, 2023; Panagiotopoulos and Trognitz, 2025). Interlinked LOD, plays a significant role in Open Science and gains more and more importance as a backbone for international and interdisciplinary RDM initiatives, such as the German National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI), the European Collaborative Cloud for Cultural Heritage (ECCCH) or ARIADNEplus.
The Semantic Web offers a variety of vocabularies, ontologies and reference models that can be used for archaeology-related LOD modelling: CIDOC CRM, SKOS, PROV-O, FOAF, GeoSPARQL, Wikidata, etc. The Linked Data Cloud (McCrae et al, 2025) already provides FAIR and LOUD research data repositories, data hubs and domain-specific ontologies for specific archaeological and humanities domains such as Nomisma, Kerameikos, Pelagios, OpenContext, Portable Antiquities Scheme, ARIADNE, Linked Open Samian Ware, Linked Open ARS, Linked Open Ogham, and the Ceramic Typologies Ontology.
To enable non-experts to engage with FAIR and LOUD data, research tools – little minions – were created for different purposes, such as modelling relative chronologies in RDF, modelling and reasoning on vague edges in graph data, creating annotated texts and images, and SPARQL, as well as enhancing Geo-Datasets using, e.g., the SPARQLing Unicorn QGIS Plugin. In addition, community-driven knowledge bases like Wikidata not only offer data but also provide several tools for using and interacting with it.
Our session aims to bring together experts and colleagues interested in learning about FAIR and LOUD data-driven publishing and applications, as well as collecting research application scenarios to promote research domain-specific solutions for research data management. We would like to discuss application-oriented and data-driven investigations into improving technologies for FAIR and LOUD data models as a basis for reproducible and CAREful research and exchange on the Semantic Web, as well as solutions related to one or more of the issues listed below:
* application of Semantic Web technologies, such as ontologies (e.g. CIDOC CRM) or RDF/RDF-star, to the archaeological domain
* modelling of archaeological artefacts, the archaeological context, including the specificity of stratigraphy, uncertainty, and vagueness
* development of research tools producing or using FAIR and LOUD data
* interlink other data modelling concepts to semantic techniques, e.g. LPGs, HINs, FAIR Digital Objects
* computer vision or machine learning applications built upon semantic data
* building up Knowledge Graphs by applying semantic and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies
* modelling comprehensible/reproducible workflows and data flows using RDF/RDF-star for documentation and reproducible research
* use of LOD tools in archaeological research, their implementation and/or enhancement
* possibilities, challenges, benefits and risks of the Wikimedia Universe (e.g. Wikidata, Wikibase instances, Wikimedia Commons) in archaeological research
* implementation of reference models such as CIDOC CRM in real-world datasets and ways to achieve LOD
* graphs of facts, beliefs, and/or assertions as a digital archaeological method
* reasoning with heterogeneous and real-world archaeological data in graphs
* graph and RDF/RDF-star representation of specific networks of persons, objects and information relating to research questions
* LOUD techniques as a solution for information and data annotation on objects/artefacts in 2D and 3D (e.g. cuneiform tablets, ogham stones, samian ware, books, texts, …)
* implementation of GeoSPARQL as a geospatial standard in archaeological data
* overcoming linguistic barriers and increasing accessibility through LOD and LOUD principles
* implementing the CARE principles through a thoughtful application of LOD and LOUD principles
* development of educational or Open Educational Resources (OERs) to increase the use of LOD
We encourage presenters to describe the problems addressed based on real-world datasets and to formulate proposals for solutions, preferably demonstrating (prototypes of) realised data-driven (web-) applications. Due to the thematic relevance, we target a broad and diverse audience, and the challenges described should also be integrated into an archaeological context (excavation, museum, archive, etc.).
This session is organised by the CAA SIG on Semantics and LOUD in Archaeology (SIG Data-Dragon). The core aim of this SIG is to utilise the SIG format to raise awareness of Linked Data in archaeology by creating a friendly and open platform for discussing and further developing semantics, as well as LOUD and FAIR data in archaeology.
#### _Reference_ s
Berners-Lee, T. (2006) Linked Data – Design Issues [online]. Available from: https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html. CIDOC CRM (2024) Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, Version 7.1.3, ISO 21127:2023 [online]. Available from: https://cidoc-crm.org/Version/version-7.1.3.
Hylandet, B. et al. (2013). Linked Data Glossary [online]. Available from: https://www.w3.org/TR/ld-glossary/.
McCrae, J. P. et al. (2025) The Linked Open Data Cloud [online]. Available from: https://lod-cloud.net/.
Panagiotopoulos, D. & Trognitz, M. (2025) Prerequisites for a computational approach to Minoan chronology. _Archaeometry_. [Online] 67 (S1), 110–130. doi: 10.1111/arcm.13066.
Sanderson, R. (2019) LOUD: Linked Open Usable Data [online]. Available from: https://linked.art/loud/.
Schmidt, S. C. et al. (2022) Practices of Linked Open Data in Archaeology and Their Realisation in Wikidata. _Digital_. [Online] 2 (3), 333–364. doi: 10.3390/digital2030019.
Thiery, F. & Thiery, P. (2023) Linked Open Ogham. How to publish and interlink various Ogham Data? _Archeologia e Calcolatori_. [Online] 34 (1), 105–114. doi: 10.19282/ac.34.1.2023.12.
Thiery, F. et al. (2023a) ‘Object-Related Research Data Workflows Within NFDI4Objects and Beyond’, in York Sure-Vetter & Carole Goble (eds.) _Proceedings of the Conference on Research Data Infrastructure_. [Online]. 7 September 2023 Hannover: TIB Open Publishing. CoRDI2023-46. [online]. doi: 10.52825/cordi.v1i.326.
Thiery, F. et al. (2023b) A Semi-Automatic Semantic-Model-Based Comparison Workflow for Archaeological Features on Roman Ceramics. _ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information_. [Online] 12 (4), 167. doi: 10.3390/ijgi12040167.
Vrandečić, D. & Krötzsch, M. (2014) Wikidata: A free collaborative knowledgebase. _Communications of the ACM._ [Online] 57 (10), 78–85. doi: 10.1145/2629489.
Wilkinson, M. D. et al. (2016) The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. _Scientific Data_. 3160018. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.18.
**S2: Our Little Minions pt. VII: Small Tools with Major Impact**
**Session Organisers:**
_Brigit Danthine,_ Austrian Archaeological Institute (Austrian Academy of Science), Vienna, Austria
_Ronald Visser_ , Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Deventer, Netherlands
_Florian Thiery_ , Research Squirrel Engineers Network, Mainz, Germany
**Session Format:** Other
### **_Description_**
In our daily work, small, self-made scripts (e.g., Python or R), home-grown small applications (e.g., QGIS Plugins), and small hardware devices significantly help us get work done. These little helpers (“little minions”) often reduce our workload or optimise our workflows, although they are not often presented to the outside world and the research community [1]. Instead, we generally focus on presenting the results of our research and use our small tools silently during the process, without even pointing to them, especially not to the source code or building instructions. This session will focus on these “little minions”, and we invite researchers to share their tools so that the scientific community may benefit. As we have seen in last year’s “minion talks” since 2018, there is a wide range of tools to be shared. The Little Minion software tools have evolved from their niche existence into essential components of projects and consortia. They are a significant part of the archaeological Research Software Engineering community (also known as Computational Archaeology) and play a crucial role in the Research Data Management (RDM) process within the Research Data Lifecycle and the digital object biography [2]. This can result in, for example, FAIRification Tools [3-4] and research tools for reproducible quantitative/spatial analysis used in international and interdisciplinary initiatives, such as the German National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) [5-7], the European Collaborative Cloud for Cultural Heritage (ECCCH), or ARIADNEplus.
This seventh Little Minion session invites short presentations, lightning talks (max. 7-10 minutes, including very brief discussion), of small coding pieces, software, or hardware solutions at any stage of completion, not only focusing on fieldwork or excavation technology, associated evaluation, or methodical approaches in archaeology. Each talk should explain the innovative character and mode of operation of the digital tool. The only restriction is that the software, source code, and/or building instructions must be open and freely available. Proprietary products cannot be presented, but open and freely available tools are designed for them. To support the subsequent use of the tools, the goal should be to make them open and available to the scientific community (e.g., GitHub, GitLab).
We invite speakers to submit a short abstract, including an introduction to the research tool, a link to the repository (if possible), access to the source code, and an explanation of which group of researchers could benefit from the tool and how. The tools may address the following issues, but are not limited to:
* data processing tools and algorithms
* measuring tools
* digital documentation tools
* GIS plugins
* hands-on digital inventions
* data-driven tools
After the previous year’s spontaneous success of “Stand-up-Science”, you will also have the opportunity to spontaneously participate and demonstrate what you have on your stick or laptop. If you would like to participate without submitting an abstract in the spontaneous section of the session, please don’t hesitate. Please come and spontaneously introduce your little minion!
The Minion session is designed for interested researchers from all domains who want to present their small minions, with a focus on the technical domain, as well as for researchers who wish to explore the types of little minions available to help with their own research questions. We all use minions in our daily work, and often, tools for the same task are built multiple times. This online session provides a platform for tools that are usually considered too unimportant to be presented in traditional talks, but are crucial and extensive steps in our research.
As a result of the session, we aim to provide support, ensuring that all the presented tools and links to code repositories are available to the research community on our website https://littleminions.link.
A sub-group of the CAA SIG Scientific Scripting Languages in Archaeology (SSLA), the “little minions”, organises this session. The core aim of this SIG is to focus on the application of Scripting Languages in archaeological research.
### **_Other Format Description_**
This seventh Little Minion session invites short presentations, lightning talks (max. 7-10 minutes, including very brief discussion), of small coding pieces, software, or hardware solutions at any stage of completion, not only focusing on fieldwork or excavation technology, associated evaluation, or methodical approaches in archaeology. Each talk should explain the innovative character and mode of operation of the digital tool. The only restriction is that the software, source code, and/or building instructions must be open and freely available.
After the previous year’s spontaneous success of “Stand-up-Science”, you will also have the opportunity to spontaneously participate and demonstrate what you have on your stick or laptop. If you would like to participate without submitting an abstract in the spontaneous section of the session, please don’t hesitate. Please come and spontaneously introduce your little minion!
#### _Reference_ s
[1] Thiery, F. et al. (2021) Little Minions in Archaeology: An open space for RSE software and small scripts in digital archaeology. _Squirrel Papers_. [Online] 3 (4). doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4575167.
[2] Thiery, F. et al. (2023) ‘Object-Related Research Data Workflows Within NFDI4Objects and Beyond’, in York Sure-Vetter & Carole Goble (eds.) _Proceedings of the Conference on Research Data Infrastructure_. [Online]. 7 September 2023 Hannover: TIB Open Publishing. CoRDI2023-46. [online]. doi: 10.52825/cordi.v1i.326.
[3] Thiery, F. et al. (2024) Research Software Engineering in NFDI4Objects: Community building, implementation of FAIRification Tools and scripting in Computational Archaeology. _Squirrel Papers_. [Online] 6 (3), #2. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10774878.
[4] Thiery, F. et al. (2025) Research Squirrel Engineering Community-driven grassroots Research FAIRification Tools (RFAIRT) coded from Humanities and Geosciences. _Squirrel Papers_. [Online] 7 (3), λ3. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.14886032.
[5] Thiery, F. et al. (2024) Research Software Engineering within the NFDI (INFRA-WG-RSE). _Squirrel Papers_. [Online] 6 (4), #26. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.14167106.
[6] Thiery, F. & Flemisch, B. (2025) Research Software Engineering in the NFDI (INFRA-WG-RSE). _Squirrel Papers_. [Online] 7 (3), λ5. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.14898391.
[7] Thiery, F. et al. (2025) How to improve the visibility and added value of RSE(s) in NFDI. _Squirrel Papers_. [Online] 7 (3), λ8. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.14976365.
**S3: Methodological and Theoretical Research in Digital Archaeology**
**Session Organisers:**
_Anja Wutte_ , University of Cologne, Germany; TU Wien, Austria
_Maria Sotomayor Chicote_ , University of Cologne, Germany
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Methodological and theoretical research in computational archaeology, perhaps with a few exceptions, is mainly characterised by the adoption of methods and theoretical concepts from other disciplines. What can be regarded as theoretical archaeology is primarily the import of methods that are adopted and applied by archaeologists, but little discussed and not significantly further developed. These methods, of course, have a theoretical basis, which is then also referred to in the publications or summarised. However, it usually remains an application to archaeological sources, which is neither about a critical ‘review’ of the underlying theory nor about its further development, but primarily about gaining more, better or even just different insights into the past. To put it somewhat cynically, the impression rises that there is still no theoretical archaeological discourse. (Atzbach 1998; Karl 2015; Rebay-Salisbury 2011).
This session therefore emphasises the need for and importance of methodological and basic research in digital archaeology. The topics of submitted papers may cover, but are not limited to, the following topic groups.
**Archaeotecture** : Projects and work in the interconnecting field of archaeology and architecture focus on the development of innovative digital methods in relation to architectural cultural heritage and include areas of building recording, data processing, documentation and the development of customised analysis options.
**Technical innovations and Solutions** : Technical innovations and solutions play an important role in the further development of archaeological research. Archaeologists use technical means to support and expand traditional methods. They have a major impact in the processes of searching, analysing, documenting and presenting finds. Existing solutions are usually adapted for this purpose, but archaeologists themselves can also contribute to improving technical processes and establishing innovative solutions. This sub-area aims to create space to advance modern archaeology on a technical level.
**AI in Archaeology:** Artificial intelligence has fundamentally changed the possibilities and forms of archaeological research of visual data. Large amounts of data can be analysed and processed in a short time, which optimises long-term research by saving human and financial resources. AI can support archaeologists in their work and establish itself as a strategic tool. For this reason, one section is dedicated to projects that deal with the further development and adaptation of AI-supported methods for archaeology.
**Spatial Relation and Modelling** : Major goals of archaeology are to document archaeological cultural variability, understand culture-environment relationships, human-landscape interaction and in general describe and understand the behaviors of past populations (Banks, 2017). Considering this, interaction of various kind is the main driver of historical, cultural, social and economic processes. Archaeologists very frequently deal with variants of interaction while there is still room for improving a generalised concept of interaction (Nakoinz 2013).
**Digital Data Management** : Archaeologists increasingly rely on digital data. A successful data management concept concerns data storage, archiving and preservation as well as data accessibility and usability. Therefore, this topic is dedicated to best practice achievements and organisation of digital archaeological materials.
**Teaching and Education** : Digital archaeology is transforming not only research, but also how we teach and engage with archaeological knowledge. This section explores how methods such as archaeogaming, gamification and digital simulations support critical pedagogy in classrooms and museums. We welcome works that reflect on digital tools as spaces for theoretical exploration, methodological training and public engagement.
We invite contributions from all backgrounds and research areas that reflect on the role of archaeology within the wider scientific and technological landscape. This session aims to foster critical discussion around the adoption, implementation and development of digital methods. We particularly welcome interdisciplinary approaches and methodological innovations applicable across different archaeological contexts. Theoretical papers reflecting on these aspects are equally encouraged.
#### _Reference_ s
Atzbach, Rainer. 1998. „Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Archäologie. Ein Aufruf zur Theoriediskussion.“ _Archäologisches Nachrichtenblatt_ , 3–5.
Banks, William E. 2017. „The application of ecological niche modeling methods to archaeological data in order to examine culture-environment relationships and cultural trajectories“, Quaternaire, 28 (2), 271–76. https://doi.org/10.4000/quaternaire.7966.
Karl, Raimund. 2015. „Wo ist die Grundlagenforschung“, Ethnographisch-Archäologische Zeitschrift, 56.1/2, 50-53.
Nakoinz, Oliver. 2013. „Spatial Models of Interaction and Economic Archaeology“, Metalla, Nr. 20.2, 87–115.
Rebay-Salisbury, Katharina C. 2011. „Thoughts in Circles: Kulturkreislehre as a Hidden Paradigm in Past and Present Archaeological Interpretations“, In: Benjamin W. Roberts and Marc Vander Linden (eds _.), Investigating Archaeological Cultures_ , 41–59. New York, NY: Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6970-5_3.
**S4: Computer Applications in South Asian Archaeology: Digital Innovations in Heritage Research and Preservation**
**Session Organisers:**
_Kamani Perera_ , Chartered Institute of Personnel Management
_E M N Perera_ , Supreme Court of Sri Lanka
_Anushka Earskin_ , Chartered Institute of Personnel Management
_Indika Wijayasriwardana_ , Union Bank Colombo PLC
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
The digital preservation of archaeological heritage is gaining unprecedented significance in South Asia, a region marked by historical depth, cultural diversity, and vulnerability to urbanization, climate change, and conflict. This session explores how emerging technologies—3D scanning, GIS-based modeling, virtual reconstructions, and digital repositories—are transforming documentation, conservation, and interpretation practices across India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Beyond technological demonstrations, the session critically examines challenges of accessibility, data sovereignty, and digital ethics, with particular attention to decolonial and community-centered frameworks. Case studies will highlight innovative yet resource-conscious approaches to safeguarding endangered sites and integrating indigenous knowledge systems into digital heritage. By fostering dialogue among archaeologists, technologists, and policy-makers, this session aims to strengthen regional collaboration while contributing to global debates on equitable digital stewardship. It situates South Asia as both a beneficiary and contributor to international discourse, offering transferable insights for sustainable and inclusive digital heritage futures.
**Session Rationale and Objectives**
South Asia is home to a vast and diverse range of archaeological heritage, covering from the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and Anuradhapura’s monumental ruins to medieval Buddhist monasteries in Bangladesh and Islamic urban forms in Pakistan. However, increasing threats such as urbanization, climate change, looting, neglect, and political conflict have rendered many sites vulnerable. Traditional conservation approaches, while important, are often insufficient in ensuring long-term access and safeguarding the information embedded in these cultural assets.
In response, digital preservation—encompassing digitization, 3D scanning, GIS mapping, virtual reality reconstructions, and digital repositories—has emerged as a vital complementary tool for archaeological conservation in the region. Yet, the practice of digital heritage preservation in South Asia remains fragmented, underfunded, and often disconnected from local communities. Furthermore, issues of digital colonialism, data ethics, intellectual property, and capacity gaps hinder the realization of truly inclusive and sustainable digital preservation practices.
This session is proposed to bring together archaeologists, digital humanists, heritage professionals, technologists, archivists, and policy-makers to:
1. Showcase recent initiatives, technologies, and methodologies in digital preservation of archaeological heritage in South Asia.
2. Explore the socio-political, ethical, and infrastructural challenges of digital preservation in the region.
3. Discuss inclusive and community-centered frameworks for digital archiving and access.
4. Strengthen transnational and interdisciplinary collaborations among stakeholders.
5. Envision pathways for regional digital heritage networks that promote resilience, equity, and cultural continuity.
**Relevance to CAA Beyond Geographical Vicinity**
While the session focuses on South Asia, its relevance extends far beyond regional borders. The methodological, ethical, and collaborative dimensions align closely with CAA’s mission:
* **Methodological Innovation:** South Asia offers low-cost, high-impact applications of computational tools (e.g., photogrammetry with drones, open-source GIS) that can inspire globally transferable models for heritage management under resource constraints.
* **Ethical and Epistemic Contributions:** The focus on decolonial, community-based digital practices contributes directly to global debates on knowledge equity, data ownership, and digital colonialism in archaeology.
* **Scalability and Data Diversity:** The region’s archaeological range—from prehistoric cities to sacred landscapes—provides a unique testbed for adapting computational methods across varied heritage typologies.
* **Transnational Collaborations:** By aiming to establish a South Asian digital heritage network, the session advances South–South and South–North cooperation, strengthening the global digital archaeology community.
* **Contribution to CAA’s Mission:** By bringing underrepresented regions into dialogue, this session promotes inclusivity and global diversity in computational archaeology.
**Session Themes and Topics**
The session welcomes paper presentations and project demonstrations under (but not limited to) the following themes:
1. **Technological Innovations and Practices**
* 3D documentation of archaeological sites (e.g., photogrammetry, LiDAR, drone mapping).
* Virtual and augmented reality applications for public engagement and education.
* GIS-based mapping and predictive modeling of archaeological landscapes.
* Development of open-access digital archives and metadata standards tailored to South Asian contexts.
2. **Case Studies from the Region**
* Site-specific digital preservation efforts (e.g., Sigiriya in Sri Lanka, Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan, Lumbini in Nepal, Mahasthangarh in Bangladesh, Hampi in India).
* Integration of local oral traditions and indigenous knowledge systems into digital heritage narratives.
* Digital storytelling and crowdsourced memory initiatives around archaeological heritage.
3. **Ethical and Legal Dimensions**
* Ownership, repatriation, and control over digitized archaeological materials.
* Data sovereignty and cross-border access to shared cultural heritage.
* Intellectual property rights, community consent, and safeguarding sensitive cultural knowledge.
4. **Capacity Building and Collaboration**
* Building local and regional expertise in digital heritage technologies.
* South–South collaboration and knowledge-sharing mechanisms.
* Role of universities, NGOs, and public institutions in fostering sustainable digital heritage ecosystems.
5. **Future Visions**
* Resilience of digital archives in the face of natural disasters and conflict.
* Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in archaeological research.
* Blockchain applications for provenance tracking and authenticity.
* Designing immersive digital heritage experiences for younger generations and diaspora communities.
**Format and Structure**
The session will be structured as a 90–120-minute panel, allowing for diverse formats:
* 3–5 academic paper presentations (15 minutes each).
* 1 project demo or virtual heritage experience (10–15 minutes).
* Moderated discussion and Q&A (20–30 minutes).
**Target Audience**
* Scholars and students in archaeology, digital humanities, heritage studies, South Asian studies.
* Archivists, museum professionals, and librarians.
* Technologists and digital preservation experts.
* Policy-makers and government officials in cultural ministries and departments.
* NGOs and community organizations working in heritage conservation.
**Relevance to South Asia and Global Context**
This session is timely and relevant as South Asian countries increasingly recognize the value of digital strategies in preserving their cultural patrimony. With growing digitization efforts (e.g., the National Digital Repository in India, Sri Lanka’s Central Cultural Fund projects, UNESCO-supported archives in Nepal and Pakistan), there is an urgent need to build regional dialogue, share best practices, and confront common challenges.
At the same time, global frameworks such as the UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science (2021) and the Charter on Digital Heritage call for inclusive, rights-based approaches to digital heritage. This session contributes to advancing these goals from a South Asian lens, advocating for contextualized, ethical, and equitable digital preservation practices that empower local custodians while promoting global access and recognition.
**Expected Outcomes**
* A platform for presenting cutting-edge digital heritage research and practice in South Asia.
* Identification of common gaps, needs, and collaborative opportunities across the region.
* Recommendations for policy frameworks and funding models to support long-term digital preservation.
* Initiation of a regional network or working group focused on digital archaeological heritage in South Asia.
* Possible post-session publication or digital exhibition of featured projects.
**S5: People from the Underground: Towards a Digital Archaeology of Subterranean Environments** (preliminary version)
**Session Organisers:**
_Konstantinos Trimmis_ , Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens
_Ivan Drnić_ , Archaeological Museum in Zagreb
_Sonia Machause Lopez,_ University of Valencia
_Georgios Lazaridis_ , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Subterranean environments both natural – such as caves and rockshelters – and anthropogenic – such as catacombs, mines, tombs and so on – represent some of the most intriguing, complex, and methodologically challenging contexts for archaeological investigation. These enclosed and often disorienting spaces resist conventional archaeological approaches due to their spatial configurations, microclimatic variability, and technological constraints. Despite this, underground sites have long been central to human history and memory, hosting an array of human activities functional, economic, and spiritual. Today, digital archaeology offers new and transformative means for their exploration, recording, and interpretation.
Until the beginning of 2011 the dominant way of mapping a cave and its finds that can be found in literature was based on the compass and tape (or Electronic Distance meters (EDM) technique (Stratford, 2011). In this case the measurements are recorded by hand and are transported to a database. The mapping error rate in this case is quite large even if the results of this method whenever it was applied were satisfactory (e.g. see Moyes, 2002; Stratford, 2011). However technological advances in surveying instruments, survey data analysis, LED lighting, digital photography, photogrammetry, cave specific software and recently handheld lidar sensors and Terrestrial Laser Scanners have revolutionised the way that we survey underground spaces and any archaeology within (see Trimmis 2018; and papers in Büster et al 2019 for reviews). Equally specialised software applications (such as Therion) and cave specific workflows for digital recording are also emerging and challenge the difficulties for an underground digital archaeology (see examples among others at Drnić et al 2018; Gazes et al 2024; Redovniković et al 2014)
This session invites contributions that engage with digital methods in the documentation and analysis of subterranean archaeological sites. The aim is to create a platform for sharing innovations, confronting methodological challenges, and envisioning future directions for digital subterranean archaeology. From high-resolution 3D modelling and GIS-based spatial analysis to sensor-based environmental monitoring and virtual reconstructions, the digital toolkit for exploring the underground is rapidly expanding. At the same time, subterranean fieldwork presents persistent hurdles: the absence of natural light complicates optical recording; the lack of GNSS and RTK reception demands novel solutions for georeferencing; and the volumetric nature of underground sites resists traditional 2D mapping approaches.
We especially welcome papers that address:
* Innovative survey techniques in low- or no – light and signal-deprived environments, such as SLAM-based LiDAR, paperless mapping methods, handheld photogrammetry, structured light scanning, and integrated inertial systems.
* Multi-sensor approaches that combine visual, thermal, acoustic, and environmental data to better understand underground contexts.
* Geospatial data management in complex 3D spaces, including workflows that integrate underground datasets into broader landscape-scale analyses.
* Human-environment interaction studies in caves and artificial underground sites using spatial statistics, movement modelling, and sensorial reconstruction.
* Challenges in visualization and communication, including virtual and augmented reality applications that allow audiences to access and experience subterranean spaces remotely.
* Interdisciplinary collaborations involving speleologists, geologists, engineers, and conservation scientists to solve recording and interpretation problems.
* Preservation and monitoring strategies enabled by digital documentation, particularly in response to climate change, tourism pressure, and development threats.
* Theoretical and epistemological reflections on how digital tools reshape our understanding of underground spaces as landscapes of material practice, memory, and myth.
* The session also encourages contributions from practitioners working in other disciplines that intersect with digital subterranean work, such as architectural documentation of tunnels or bunkers, forensic recording of underground conflict heritage, and digital humanities projects engaging with underground mythologies or urban substructures.
By bringing together an international community of researchers working ” underground” this session seeks to advance a dialogue on how subterranean spaces challenge and inspire digital archaeology, and how our tools and methods must evolve in turn. The discussion will contribute to developing best practices and shared standards for subterranean fieldwork and data integration, while also promoting critical thinking about the conceptual models we apply to space, visibility, orientation, and embodiment underground.
Let’s illuminate the underground—digitally.
#### _Reference_ s
Büster, L., Warmenbol, E., & Mlekuž, D. (Eds.). 2019. _Between worlds: Understanding ritual cave use in later prehistory_. Springer
Cazes, G., Vernant, P., Baleux, F. et al. 2024. Full size cave 3D modelling using close range photogrammetry and comparison with laser scanning, , PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4849312/v1]
Drnić, I., Trimmis, K. P., Hale, A., Madgwick, R., Reed, K., Barbir, A. and Mađerić, M. 2018. Assemblages from Marginal Spaces: Preliminary results of the excavations in Mala (Nova) Pećina near Muć and the Neolithic of Dalmatian Zagora. _Prilozi Instituta za Arheologiju u Zagrebu_ 35: 29 – 70. https://hrcak.srce.hr/212019?lang=en
Moyes, H., 2002. The use of GIS in the spatial analysis of archaeological cave site. J _. Caves Karst Stud_. 64, 9–16. https://nss2013.caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/V64/v64n1- Moyes.pdf
Redovniković, L., Jakopec, A., Będkowski J., Jagetić, J., 2024. The affordable DIY Mandeye LiDAR system for surveying caves, and how to convert 3D clouds into traditional cave ground plans and extended profiles. _International Journal of Speleology_ , 53(3), ijs2535. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.53.3.2535
Stratford, D., 2011. Cave excavation. Some methodological and interpretive considerations. _Cave Karst Sci_. 38 (3), 111–116
Trimmis, K. P. 2018. Paperless mapping and cave archaeology: A review on the application of DistoX survey method in archaeological cave sites. _Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports_ 18: 399-407 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.01.022.
**S6: Unlocking Hidden Treasures: Digital Methods as the Key to Open Archaeological Collections for Research and Teaching**
**Session Organisers:**
_Louise Tharandt_ , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
_Anna Gnyp_ , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
_Sophie Schlosser,_ Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Regensburg
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
University and museum collections represent a rich and diverse array of archaeological objects, assembled over decades through research, excavations, donations and looting. These collections often contain unique and significant objects that have the potential to greatly enhance our understanding of past and recent cultures and societies (Wissenschaftsrat, 2011). However, the full research potential of these collections often remains untapped for various reasons. Besides funding, university and museum collections face a multitude of obstacles that hinder their accessibility and usability. This can make it difficult for researchers to discover and access sufficient and relevant material. The dispersal of objects across different locations can lead to the fragmentation of assemblages and the loss of contextual information. Unknown origins and bias in data limit our understanding of history. Furthermore, the lack of dedicated resources and expertise for collections management can result in inadequate preservation and documentation, further exacerbating these issues. Digital methods and tools can make a significant contribution to addressing these issues. Through the digitisation of objects or data and the use of semantic databases up to machine learning algorithms it is possible to (re)discover hidden or inaccessible data, and reunite dispersed objects across different locations and institutions. Ethical and legal aspects of collection objects can be addressed more effectively. The potential of collection objects as teaching resources could be utilised and expanded upon.
This session aims to explore new approaches in which researchers, educators, and collection managers are leveraging university and museum collections to advance archaeological knowledge and practice. By bringing together a diverse range of perspectives and experiences, we hope to stimulate a productive dialogue on the role of university and museum collections in archaeology, enhancing their use in a way that is appropriate to their significance. We also seek to showcase creative and effective strategies for working with collections (Andraschke & Wagner, 2020). We invite contributors to share their experiences and insights on how to leverage digital methods, to unlock the hidden treasures within these collections and maximise their potential for research, teaching, and public engagement.
We welcome papers addressing (but not limited to) the following topics:
1. **Revealing Collections:** Efforts to create or enhance digital catalogues, databases, and 3D repositories to increase accessibility and preserve objects virtually. This can include discussions on the use of digital methods such as photogrammetry, laser scanning, or linked opened data and open data infrastructures (Wagner et al., 2019) to create immersive and interactive experiences with collections.
2. **Unearthing Data****:** Data science methods to uncover, integrate, analyse, publish and long-term archive previously hidden, inaccessible or new data from collections. This can include open science practices, the use of advanced data mining techniques, machine learning algorithms (Brandsen et al., 2020), 3D digitisation and crowdsourcing initiatives to extract valuable information from unstructured or poorly documented datasets and to permanently archive the data.
3. **Considering Ethical Aspects and Repatriation:** Addressing the ethical dimensions of archaeological collections, including the provenance, display, and description of objects, using digital tools (Shad et al., 2024). This involves provenance research, supporting repatriation efforts (Krupa & Grimm, 2021), and fostering collaboration with descendant, Indigenous, and local communities. We particularly welcome submissions on decolonising collection practices and co-creating knowledge through inclusive, dialogue-based approaches that honour cultural sovereignty and lived heritage.
4. **Reuniting Dispersed Collections:** Strategies to bridge gaps between objects split across different locations, institutions, or databases, recontextualise scattered finds and recombine or reconstruct fragmented objects (Roßberger et al., 2018). This can involve collaborative efforts between universities, museums, and other cultural institutions to share data and resources (Galanakis & Nowak-Kemp, 2013).
5. **Teaching (with objects):** Case studies demonstrating how scientific collections have been employed through digital methods in archaeological research projects or as teaching tools, fostering hands-on learning and research-led teaching. This can include innovative pedagogical approaches that integrate digital or tangible collections into the curriculum (Callieri et al., 2023), as well as student-led research projects that utilise university collections.
6. **Engaging, Collaborating, Transforming:** Initiatives that connect collections with local communities, museums, and other institutions via digital means, encouraging public engagement and interdisciplinary collaboration (Wessman et al., 2019). This can include 3D visualisations, outreach programs, exhibitions, citizen science projects and public lectures that showcase the significance of university or museum collections and their relevance to contemporary issues. Contributions on how collections can be improved or expanded accordingly are equally welcome.
We encourage submissions from researchers, educators, and collection managers at all career stages. By sharing best practices, success stories, and lessons learned, we hope to inspire more effective use of university and museum collections and foster a network of scholars dedicated to their study and preservation.
#### _Reference_ s
Andraschke, U. & Wagner, S. (2020). Objekte im Netz: Wissenschaftliche Sammlungen im digitalen Wandel. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783839455715
Brandsen, A., Verberne, S., Wansleeben, M. and Lambers, K. (2020) Creating a Dataset for Named Entity Recognition in the Archaeology Domain. In _Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference_ , pages 4573–4577, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association. https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.562/
Callieri, M., Berggren, Å., Dell’Unto, N., Derudas, P., Dininno, D., Ekengren, F., & Naponiello, G. (2023). The Dynamic Collections – a 3D Web Platform of Archaeological Artefacts designed for Data Reuse and Deep Interaction. 50th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference (CAA 2023), Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10067103
Galanakis, Y., Nowak-Kemp, M. (2013) Ancient Greek skulls in the Oxford University Museum, Part II: The Rhousopoulos-Rolleston correspondence, Journal of the History of Collections, Volume 25, Issue 1, March 2013, Pages 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhc/fhq040
Krupa, K. L., Grimm, K. T. (2021). Digital repatriation as a decolonizing practice in the archaeological archive. [Special issue on Unsettling the Archives.] Across the Disciplines, 18(1/2), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.37514/ATD-J.2021.18.1-2.05
Roßberger, E., Kurmangaliev, A., & Otto, A. (2018). Erstellung eines Digitalisierungskonzeptes: Digitalisierung und Verschlagwortung altorientalischer Roll- und Stempelsiegel-Glyptik (DigANES) : Schlussbericht. [Institut für Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München]. https://doi.org/10.2314/GBV:1029903549
Shad, R., Egon, A., Potter, K. (2024). Digital Approaches to Artifact Provenance Studies and Authentication, EasyChair Preprint 14270. https://easychair.org/publications/preprint/4wBs
Wagner, S., Görz, G., Fichtner, M., & Andraschke, U. (2019). Joint digitization of heterogeneous university collections using semantic web technologies. In Antonella Poggi (Eds.), CEUR Workshop Proceedings (pp. 27-36). Rome, IT: CEUR-WS.
Wessman, A. et al. (2019). Citizen Science in Archaeology: Developing a Collaborative Web Service for Archaeological Finds in Finland. In: Jameson, J.H., Musteaţă, S. (eds) Transforming Heritage Practice in the 21st Century. One World Archaeology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14327-5_23
Wissenschaftsrat (2011): Empfehlungen zu wissenschaftlichen Sammlungen als Forschungsinfrastrukturen; Berlin. https://www.wissenschaftsrat.de/download/archiv/10464-11_engl (04.08.2025).
**S7:**Reframing the Past: Cognitive, Psychological, and Computational Approaches to Interpreting Artefact Function****
**Session Organisers:**
_Silvia Stein_ , Independent Researcher and active EAA and CAA member
_Stefan Zechner_ , Technische Universität Wien, Technische Physik, Faculty Member
_Sergei Makhin_ , Clinical Psychologist and Docent at V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Ukraine
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
This session seeks new ideas in archaeology for re-describing alternative artefact function though we also welcome new ways in which computational methods, can inform 1. cognitive processes, 2. brain evolution, 3. intellectual evolution, and 4. tool function. An example is the new idea that 100-72 thousand years old (kya) punctured shells not only had ornamental value, they had a functional value as fishing tools. “Interpreting shells found in archaeological contexts is not straightforward. They can be food remains, personal ornaments, or objects used in “black magic” (cf. Léo Neto et al. 2012); fishing nets (cf. Stein and Pacheco 2025); and counting devices (cf. Overmann 2016)” (Mouclier, et al, 2025). This re-description of punctured shells as fishing tools for nets has more explanation power that the evolution of the parietal lobe occurred in relation to early use of string in fishing, shell weights and ornaments 115 70 kya (Stein & Pacheco, 2025), besides the role of the bow and arrow, about 80 kya (Lombard, 2025).
This session invites contributions that explore how archaeology or cognitive science, psychology, neuroscience, and computational methods can enrich our understanding of artefact function in past societies. Traditional interpretations often emphasize symbolic or ritual perspectives, we cannot “resort to this explanation when they do not understand a feature” (Marchand, et al, 2021). An example is the symbolic description of punctured shells as ornamental necklaces and headbands, when a new functional fishing use or re-description has been tested with computer imaging and experimental reconstruction of a fishing net weight system, establishing that brain parietal lobe evolution preceded by 40,000 years the brain evolution associated with the bow and arrow (Stein & Pacheco, 2025, & Lombard, 2025).
This session promotes work in cognitive and experimental archaeology (Bruner, 2020, Stout, et al, 2017, Wadley, 2024, & Wynn, et al, 2024,) integrating the role of artefacts into models of the evolution of human perception, motor coordination, memory, and decision-making.
The session seeks to question established interpretations of artefact function, though we also welcome papers on how computational and quantitative approaches like digital imaging and use-wear provide new insights into cognitive, visual, motorial and spatial processes. We are interested in how these processes underly tool use, production, and perception. For example, neuroarchaeological approaches link brain regions such as the precuneus to complex tool-related activities (Bruner et al., 2018 & Lombard, 2024), while agent-based modeling and machine learning can help evaluate alternative scenarios of artefact function (Eleftheriadou, et al, 2025)- Similarly, computer modeling, digital photo editing, VR/AR environments, and eye-tracking experiments have been employed to investigate how artefacts afford certain behaviors and how perception shapes functional interpretation (Stout & Hecht, 2017; Bruner, 2017).
We particularly encourage contributions that:
* Use experimental archaeology combined with computational or quantitative analysis to test functional hypotheses.
* Apply neurocognitive or behavioral frameworks to reinterpret artefact functions.
* Demonstrate how visualization tools and synthetic reconstructions (e.g., digital “synthetic memories”) can shift interpretative paradigms (Stein & Pacheco, 2025).
* Explore bias detection and reflexivity in archaeological interpretation through digital media or quantitative analyses such as use-wear.
Bringing together diverse approaches, this session seeks to show how artefacts can be understood as products of both material and cognitive processes**.** Our scope is to create a dialogue that situates archaeological evidence within broader models of human evolution, highlighting how computational and quantitative methods can inform questions in psychology and neurosciences regarding cognition, perception, and motorial function, and not merely address the issue of the symbolic value of an artefact when archaeologists “do not understand a feature” (Marchand, et al, 2021).
#### References
Bruner, E., Mantini, S., & Musso, F. (2018). Parietal lobes and the evolution of the human genus. _International Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2018_ , 1–11.
Eleftheriadou, A., McPherron, S.P. & Marreiros, J., (2025). “Use-Wear Analysis: A Critical Review”. _Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology,_ 8(1): 188–205
Lombard, M. (2025) “Bow Hunting and the Sapient Preceneus”. In _Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Archaeology_.
Marchand, G., & Dupont, C. (2021). “Domestic life by the ocean: Beg-er-Vil, ca 6200-6000 BC”. Borić, D., Antonović, D. & Mihailović, B. (eds). Foraging Assemblages: Papers Presented at the Ninth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Belgrade 2015. Volume 1, Serbian Archaeological Society, pp.191-197.
Mouclier, P., Schiefenhövel, W., & Vanhaeren, M. (2025). A Study of a Traditional _Nassarius_ Shell Bead Headband from the Mek Culture, Highlands of Western New Guinea: Ethnographic and Archaeological Perspectives. _Ethnoarchaeology_ , 1–38.
Stout, D., & Hecht, E. E. (2017). Evolutionary neuroscience of cumulative culture. _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114_(30), 7861–7868.
Stein, S. & Pacheco, S. (2025). “Did Fishing Nets with Shell Weights Precede the Bow and Arrow in Brain Evolution? Using Digitally Edited Photographs to Model Another Use for Prehistoric Shell Beads” _. Advance, Sage Preprints_.
Wadley, L. (2024). “Experimental Archaeology Enables Inference about Human Cognition”. In _Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Archaeology_.
Wynn, T., Overmann, K.A., & Coolidge, F.L.. (2024). _Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Archaeology_.
**S8: Digital Methods in Rock Art Research II. Connecting People: Reconstructing the Contexts of Past Visual Communication Systems**
**Session Organisers:**
_Ashely Green_ , University of Gothenburg
_Rebecca Döhl,_ Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
_Eymard Fäder_ , University of Cologne
_Paolo Medici_ , Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici
_Oliver Vogels_ , University of Cologne
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
This year we are expanding the session’s focus to the digital explorations of the creation, perception, and social circumstances of production and consumption of rock art and related visual communication systems.
The context for the formation and use of visual communication systems, such as rock art (including petroglyphs and paintings), wall art, or graffiti, is mainly analysed through formal methods of interpretation (Taçon and Chippindale, 1998). During the last decade these formal methods shifted more to digital and computational methods, comprising a wide range of approaches, applications, and techniques (Carrero-Pazos et al., 2022; Valdez-Tullett and Figueiredo Persson, 2023). These methods cover well-established GIS-centred analysis of the spatial context of rock art, computational analysis (including AI approaches) of rock art production, and extended reality (XR) applications for cultural heritage and engagement. On both the local- and large-scale, digital and computational methods play an important role in understanding visual communication systems and the people that created them.
To highlight the people behind the visual communication, this session aims to explore all aspects of social engagement with rock art from its creation to its consumption and the feedbacks within these processes. While we refer to rock art as a prime example of visual communication, we embrace all expressions of semantic visuality, such as graffiti, visual marking systems, wall art etc. We welcome contributions on methods, new insights and results from digital methods, and dissemination around the **human-centred lifecycle of rock art** :
**Creation** – Digital methods can highlight the underlying concepts, formal as ideational, and techniques used to establish certain motifs and topics and their application on the canvas. For example, digital analysis of techniques employed for shaping the figures (Díaz-Guardamino, 2023) and the analysis of panel composition, style, and chronology (Riris and Oliver, 2019).
**Position** – The spatial and socio-economic context of visual communication production provides another aspect of exploration which allows for digital methods. From studies of the placement of rock art in the landscape (Barnett et al., 2024; Döhl, 2019; Vogels et al., 2021) to the role that natural features played in the creation of rock art (Horn et al., 2023), digital methods play an important role in the multi-scalar analysis of art. Similarly, the interplay between graffiti and their application on built environments and trees are explored with digital methods.
**Perception** – Understanding perceptions in visual communication systems builds another immanent connection to the people who used the art. Visual perception and analysis using digital methods, such as eye-tracking, can help further understanding of systems and societies who created them (Silva-Gago et al., 2025). Archaeoacoustics (Díaz-Andreu and Mattioli, 2016; Rainio et al., 2025; Santos da Rosa et al., 2023) with sound propagation and soundscape measurement have also showed a great potential for exploring the perception and social role of rock art.
**Consumption** – The consumption of rock art and other visual systems might be explored both in its original context and in its modern form. The mediation and presentation of rock art and its (original) context to a modern audience, in cultural heritage projects or museums, relies heavily on digital methods (Jalandoni, 2025). Interactive web-based platforms (Green et al., 2024), direct enhanced access like XR applications (Urcia et al., 2022; Westin et al., 2021), or reconstruction of caves (Lascaux, Chauvet) based on digital 3D-models (Geneste, 2009), for example, offer accessible ways for researchers and the public to consume rock art.
#### _Reference_ s
Barnett, T., Valdez-Tullett, J., Bjerketvedt, L.M., Alexander-Reid, F., Hoole, M., Jeffrey, S., Robin, G., 2024. A Multiscalar Methodology for Holistic Analysis of Prehistoric Rock Carvings in Scotland. Herit. Sci. 12, 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01183-8
Carrero-Pazos, M., Döhl, R., Rensburg, J.J. van, Medici, P., Vázquez-Martínez, A., Carrero-Pazos, M., Döhl, R., Rensburg, J.J. van, Medici, P., Vázquez-Martínez, A., 2022. Rock Art Research in the Digital Era: Case Studies from the 20th International Rock Art Congress IFRAO 2018, Valcamonica (Italy), Rock Art Research in the Digital Era: Case Studies from the 20th International Rock Art Congress IFRAO 2018, Valcamonica (Italy). https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407360119
Díaz-Andreu, M., Mattioli, T., 2016. Archaeoacoustics of Rock Art: Quantitative Approaches to the Acoustics and Soundscape of Rock Art, in: Campana, S., Scopigno, R., Carpentiero, G., Cirillo, M. (Eds.), CAA2015. Keep The Revolution Going, Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Archaeopress, pp. 1049–1058. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.15135955.116
Díaz-Guardamino, M., 2023. Rock Art Technology, Digital Imaging and Experimental Archaeology: Recent Research on Iberian Late Bronze Age Warrior Stelae. Complutum 34, 145–162. https://doi.org/10.5209/cmpl.85238
Döhl, R., 2019. Rock Art in the Eastern Desert of Egypt – What a Spatial Approach Can Tell Us, in: Döhl, R., Jansen van Rensburg, J. (Eds.), Signs of Place: A visual Interpretation of Landscape, Berlin studies of the ancient world. Edition Topoi, Berlin, pp. 17–41. https://doi.org/10.17171/3-69
Geneste, J.-M., 2009. Chapter 1 – The Major Phases in the Conservation of Lascaux Cave, in: Coye, N. (Ed.), Lascaux et La Conservation En Milieu Souterrain: Actes Du Symposium Internationnal Paris, 26 et 27 Février 2009, Documents d’archéologie Française. Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, Paris, pp. 51–71. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.editionsmsh.57453
Green, A., Bridge, T., Horn, C., Humlesjö, S., Karimi, A., Ling, J., Westin, J., 2024. Accessing Centuries of Documentation – Resources to Improve Access to Swedish Rock Art Documentation and Metadata. Presented at the Huminfra Conference (HiC 2024), pp. 154–160. https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp205021
Horn, C., Potter, R., Peternell, M., 2023. Water Flows and Water Accumulations on Bedrock as a Structuring Element of Rock Art. J. Archaeol. Method Theory 30, 828–854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-022-09578-2
Jalandoni, A., 2025. Using Digital Archaeology to Assist Indigenous Communities Engage with Their Rock Art in New Ways. Presented at the World Archaeological Congress 10, Darwin, Australia.
Rainio, R., Shpinitskaya, J., Rinkkala, P., Pekkanen, J., Kesäniemi, P., Ojanen, M., 2025. Reflected Encounters at Hunter-Gatherer Rock Art Sites by the Water. Sound Stud. 11, 3–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/20551940.2024.2419293
Riris, P., Oliver, J., 2019. Patterns of Style, Diversity, and Similarity in Middle Orinoco Rock Art Assemblages. Arts 8, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts8020048
Santos da Rosa, N., Morales, L.Á., Briz, X.M., Macías, L.F., Díaz-Andreu, M., 2023. The Acoustics of Aggregation Sites: Listening to the Rock Art Landscape of Cuevas de La Araña (Spain). J. Field Archaeol. 48, 130–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2134964
Silva-Gago, M., García-Diez, M., Bruner, E., Martínez, L.M., Criado-Boado, F., 2025. Figure Recognition and Visual Attention Patterns Behind the Observation of Palaeolithic Art. J. Cult. Cogn. Sci. 9, 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41809-025-00170-0
Taçon, P.S.C., Chippindale, C., 1998. An Archaeology of Rock-Art Through Informed Methods and Formal Methods, in: Chippindale, C. (Ed.), The Archaeology of Rock-Art. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–10.
Urcia, A., Brucato, A., Gatto, M.C., Curci, A., 2022. The Site of Nag El-Hamdulab in 360°: An Alternative Way to Experience a Story from the Past, in: Carrero-Pazos, M., Döhl, R., Van Rensburg, J.J., Medici, P., Vázquez-Martínez, A. (Eds.), Rock Art Research in the Digital Era: Case Studies from the 20th International Rock Art Congress IFRAO 2018, Valcamonica (Italy). BAR Publishing, pp. 135–148. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407360119
Valdez-Tullett, J., Figueiredo Persson, S., 2023. Digital Rock Art: Beyond “Pretty Pictures.” F1000Research 12, 523. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.127249.1
Vogels, O., Fäder, E., Lenssen-Erz, T., 2021. A Matter of Diversity? Identifying Past Hunter-Gatherer Aggregation Camps Through Data Driven Analyses of Rock Art Sites. Quat. Int. 572, 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.05.057
Westin, J., Råmark, A., Horn, C., 2021. Augmenting the Stone: Rock Art and Augmented Reality in a Nordic Climate. Conserv. Manag. Archaeol. Sites 23, 258–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/13505033.2023.2232416
**S9: AI Applications in Cultural Heritage and Archaeological Protection**
**Session Organisers:**
_Dante Abate_ , ERATOSTHENES Centre of Excellence
_Fabio Remondino_ , Fondazione Bruno Kessler
_Donna Yates,_ Maastricht University
_Hector A. Orengo_ , Barcelona Supercomputing Centre
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Illicit excavations and the trafficking of cultural property remain serious transnational threats, often linked to organized crime and conflict-related instability. Addressing this challenge requires interdisciplinary collaboration and the integration of innovative digital tools. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are emerging as game changers in this domain, enabling the processing and analysis of vast and complex datasets at unprecedented speed and accuracy. These technologies can rapidly identify, classify, and monitor archaeological features and artifacts across extensive spatial and temporal scales, enhancing early detection and response capabilities. Such analytical power is particularly valuable in countering the growing challenges of illegal excavations and the illicit trafficking of cultural property, where timely insights can make a decisive difference in safeguarding heritage assets.
This session invites contributions from researchers, heritage professionals, law enforcement agencies, technologists, and policymakers working on AI- and ML-driven approaches to cultural heritage protection.
To ensure thematic clarity, submissions should align with one or more of the following sub-strands:
* remote sensing and site detection,
* artifact recognition and provenance analysis,
* predictive modelling of looting risk,
* integrated monitoring and early warning systems.
Contributors are requested to report validation methods, datasets, metrics, and limitations to ensure methodological transparency and comparability.
A diversity and inclusion statement is encouraged, and mechanisms to broaden participation (such as cross-regional partnerships, involvement of early-career researchers, and engagement of underrepresented groups) are strongly supported. Finally, all submissions should include an explicit section on ethics and safeguarding, addressing data sensitivity, potential dual-use risks, and responsible disclosure, thereby ensuring that technological innovation proceeds with full consideration of cultural, legal, and societal responsibilities.
#### **_Reference_** s
EU action plan against trafficking in cultural goods for 2022-25 https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/13352-Traffickingin-cultural-goods-EU-action-plan_en (accessed 11/08/25).
https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-statistics/empact (accessed 11/08/25).
https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/main-reports/socta-report (accessed 11/08/25).
Mackenzie, S., Brodie, N., Yates, D., & Tsirogiannis, C. (2019). Trafficking Culture: New Directions in Researching the Global Market in Illicit Antiquities.
MONDIALCULT2022 available at https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/mondiacult-2022-states-adopt-historic-declaration-culture (accessed 11/08/25).
Repetskaya, A. (2023). Criminal Business of Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property: Features and Counteraction in Modern Conditions. https://doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2023.17(6).502-513
Yates, D. (2016). The Global Traffic in Looted Cultural Objects. https://doi.org/10.1093/ACREFORE/9780190264079.013.124
Tsirogiannis, C. (2016). False Closure? Known Unknowns in Repatriated Antiquities Cases. International Journal of Cultural Property 23(4): 407–431.
**S10: Exploring Past Senses. Digital Tools and Methodologies for Sensory Archaeology**
**Session Organisers:**
_Kamil Kopij_ , Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University
_Alexander Braun,_ University of Cologne
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
How past humans experienced their environment is one of the greatest challenges in archaeology. Audible, visual, and olfactory stimuli shaped human perceptions, experience, memory, responses. These stimuli were, in turn, influenced by human actions across diverse social contexts.
In recent years, computational methodologies have proven that it is possible – within reasonable limits – to model aspects of human sensory experience. With the growing availability of digital tools, archaeologist are increasingly exploring how past humans experienced their environment and how they shaped it in response and in regard to sensory stimuli.
Advances in digital tools provide exciting new prospects for analysing these experiences, their functions, and their interactions with individuals. These advancements foster the development of new synergies and methodologies, allowing for more comprehensive investigations.
This session invites discussion of both established and emerging tools and methodologies to approach the questions of sensory archaeology: what did people experience in the past – and how? What information can we gleam with our approaches on a theoretical and empirical level about past humans and their societies? But also, what are the limitations, and biases introduced by our data and methods?
**S11: Reframing Cultural Properties Rather than as “Relics of the Past” but as “Objects that Stimulate Modern People’s Perception, Sensibility, and Meaning-Making”**
**Session Organisers:**
_Fujita Haruhiro_ , Niigata University of International and Information Studies
_Kawano Kazutaka_ , Tokyo National Museum
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
a) Background of this session
This proposing session is a continuous one of the session “Cognitive Mind” organized and held at CAA 2025, of which we enforced the session by adding EEG/ERPs components, for better understanding of body reactions against stimuli and emotional categories.
b) VR and MR from instant 3D view to eye fixation experiment with emotion and impression
VR (Virtual Reality) and MR (Mixed Reality) represented a significant advancement by enabling viewers to see and simulate things that are not normally visible. Artefacts converted to 3D can be easily visible by VR/MR equipment, therefore one can obtain instant experience of viewing ancient artifacts.
Microsoft HoloLens2 is capable of capturing the viewer’s gaze data using its built-in cameras and sensors. This data includes the 3D coordinates of the fixation point, the direction of the gaze, and the fixation duration (saccades and fixations), serving as indicators of where a person’s potential cognition is directed on an object. By projecting the duration of gaze fixation on the surface of the object as color-graded information, it can be visualized as a 3D heatmap.
c) Measuring cognition using SD Method
As an experimental method for extracting the mental images people have when viewing objects, the Semantic Differential (SD) method is widely used in psychological testing. This method involves providing pairs of simple sensory impression adjectives, such as “beautiful-ugly,” for subjects to rate on a scale. The SD method serves as crucial information to analyze how people perceive objects as stimuli through many simple sensory impression adjectives. A research paper using this method is now published as a proceedings of CAA [1].
d) Reconstructing the Cognition Using Deep Generative Models
After a long period of stagnation, machine learning experienced a major turning point with deep learning for image recognition in 2012. Over the past 12 years, advancements in deep learning models have led to cognition analysis capabilities far exceeding human abilities. Recently, these models have been applied to cognition analysis as part of information psychology. By analyzing sensory impressions of subjects viewing artifacts along with data on these objects, deep cognition models offer new insights.
e) Prediction of Emotional Response Categories Using Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)
Event-related potentials (ERPs), which capture the temporal responses of the brain to visual stimuli, contain features that reflect differences in stimulus categories and cognitive processing, serving as key indicators for emotion classification and semantic comprehension. For visually presented object groups—such as Jōmon pottery and clay figurines—that differ in shape and semantic interpretation, repeated ERP measurements make it possible to construct models that predict the category of emotional responses to stimuli based on electroencephalographic (EEG) data. In July 2025, emotional label measurements were conducted with a total of 306 participants in Japan and Malaysia. Given the observed fact that many participants recorded gaze trajectories associated with a single emotional label, we became confident that extracting ERPs from EEG measurements synchronized with such single emotional labels would enable the development of models capable of predicting emotional response categories [2] [3].
f) The Need for Cultural Property Cognition Studies Session
Cognitive cultural property studies, deeply intertwined with experimental psychology and cognitive information processing, is a crucial field for exploring human psychology and the cognition through archaeological artifacts and sites. However, aside from the presentation proposed by the authors at CAA2024, no relevant research was identified.
While it is impossible to directly investigate the cognition of ancient people, it is considered feasible to reconstruct their cognition and mental images under the assumption of commonality with modern human cognition, which were proposed by Burner and Matsumoto. Therefore, this group of founders and organizers proposes a Cultural Property Cognition Session, as a continuous from one session held in CAA 2025.
g) Possible investigations and methodologies
* 3D views of artifacts by VR/MR equipment and investigations on observers’ perception
* VR/MR practices for regional historical education
* VR/MR exhibition as digital museum
* Eye and gaze tracking methodologies for cognitive investigations
* Electroencephalographic (EEG) / Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) studies
* Any cognition related investigations and methodologies
* Deep learning models/deep generative models on cognition
#### References
[1] Fujita Haruhiro et al. (2025) Analysis of Sensory Impression Factor Structures of Jomon Potteries through a Semantic Differential Method Viewing 3D Models on MR equipment
[2] Sano T., Shi J., Kawabata H. (2024) The differences in essential facial areas for impressions between humans and deep learning models: An eye-tracking and explainable AI approach
[3] Sano T., Kawabata H. (2024) Neural responses to perceptual and sexual ambiguity in facial images: an ERP and time–frequency analysis
**S12:**Data Management Plans in Practice – Expectations, Implications and Real-World Experiences****
**Session Organisers:**
_Lizzie Scholtus_ , Institute of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University
_Steffen Strohm_ , Department of Computer Science, Kiel University
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
In recent years, **Data Management Plans (DMPs)** [1] have become an integral part of project proposals in archaeology and beyond. Promoted by funding bodies, institutional policies, and a growing awareness of open science, they aim to ensure transparency, reusability, and long-term accessibility of research data. However, while DMPs are widely recognised as a necessary instrument in digital research workflows, their implementation in the context of active archaeological research often reveals gaps between formal requirements and practical realities.
In former sessions and roundtables we discussed good practices in handling research data. Some raised issues were located outside of research itself: lack of funding to hire RDM staff; lack of prioritization in the proposal phase and after the project. In order to move forward, we would like to address those practical issues, which are realistically in reach and can be improved, through thorough discussion with researchers and RDM practitioners.
This session will critically explore the practical use of DMPs in archaeological research, answering the following main question: **How can we improve DMPs in practical research** in order to make them more **accessible** in the beginning, more **applicable** throughout the project and transparently **assessable** towards the end.
The session aims to provide a balanced perspective on the **benefits, challenges, and evolving expectations** around DMPs. On the one hand, they offer potential for better planning, coordination, and reproducibility; on the other, they often introduce additional overhead, especially for smaller teams or projects without dedicated support. The need for structured training, clear responsibilities, and dynamic adaptability in the face of evolving project scopes is increasingly evident. While much of the discourse around DMPs focuses on policy and infrastructure, this session will emphasise **practical, case-driven experiences**.
Throughout the session, we aim to foster an open and constructive exchange between all participants and audience, discussing relevant actors and roles (see Figure) involved in data management:
1. **Funders** specifying expectations,
2. **Researchers and subproject teams** who must interpret and implement DMPs in specific research contexts, and
3. **Collaborators and institutions** , academic or otherwise, who share responsibility in managing, curating, and reusing data.
The session will be structured unconventionally, combining short talks and longer discussion. It will be divided into two parts. In **Part 1** , contributors will deliver a short talk (see details below), followed by questions and room for discussion focusing on specific issues raised in each case. This structure is designed to move quickly through multiple perspectives while allowing for reflection and clarification. In **Part 2** , we will open the floor for a broader discussion. Audience members will be invited to share their own insights, experiences, and concerns—whether they have worked with DMPs themselves or are preparing to do so.
We encourage participants to provide feedback that reflect on the role and reality of DMPs within their own projects — regardless of whether those experiences were positive, negative, or ambivalent. The short talks (5-10min) should cover major aspects of:
– What kind of project was it, and what role did the DMP play?
– Who was responsible for creating, implementing, and evaluating the DMP?
– Were external specialists involved?
– What challenges arose during the creation or application of the DMP?
– Was the DMP adapted over time, and how?
– Were data and results ultimately made available as initially planned?
– What types of training or institutional support were available—or lacking?
– How were problems with funders, collaborators, or data infrastructure handled?
– What lessons were learned, and how could future DMP practices improve?
We encourage researchers at all levels and from all domains of and around archaeological research to submit **abstracts** (max. 300 words) addressing their experiences with DMPs from a perspective utilising (some of) the points listed above. Abstracts should focus on concrete experiences rather than theoretical frameworks, and we welcome both success stories and critical reflections. The goal is to build a realistic picture of how DMPs function on the ground – and discuss how they might evolve to better serve the needs of active archaeological research.
#### _Reference_ s
[1] European Research Council (Ed.) (2021): Open Research Data and Data Management Plans – Information for ERC grantees. https://erc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document/file/ERC_info_document-Open_Research_Data_and_Data_Management_Plans.pdf (last retrieved 12.08.2025)
**S13: If I Had a Hammer, I’d 3D-Scan It: Computational Approaches for the Analysis of Tool Artifacts**
**Session Organisers:**
_Anastasia Eleftheriadou_ , Institute for Digital Cultural Heritage Studies, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
_Guillermo Bustos-Pérez_ , Department of Human Origins, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leibzig, Germany
_João Marreiros_ , Laboratory for Traceology and Controlled Experiments (TraCEr) at MONREPOS Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie (LEIZA), Neuwied, Germany
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Technology can be defined as a socially transmitted, multidimensional system that integrates raw materials, operational sequences, behaviors, cognitive processes, and the knowledge and intentions underlying the creation and use of products (Kozatsas, 2020; Schiffer and Skibo, 1987). Tools, as tangible expressions of this system, offer insights into human behavior, as their design, manufacture, and use can reflect adaptive responses to ecological, demographic, and sociocultural conditions (Foley and Lahr, 2003; Hovers, 2012; Kuhn, 2020).
Recent advances in computational methods have transformed the ways archaeologists document, analyze, and interpret tools made from materials such as stone, bone, wood, and metal (e.g., Calandra et al., 2019; Courtenay et al., 2020; Luncz et al., 2022; Marreiros et al., 2020). The adoption of high-resolution 3D modeling has grown steadily since the early 2010s, with applications now well established across a range of artifact types (Courtenay et al., 2019; Proffitt et al., 2023; Wyatt-Spratt, 2022). Since 2018, the use of machine and deep learning techniques has likewise expanded (Bellat et al., 2025; Eleftheriadou et al., 2025; e.g., Courtenay et al., 2024; Luncz et al., 2022; Sferrazza, 2025). Together, these developments are broadening the scope of archaeological studies, enabling comparative analyses across diverse raw materials, chronological periods, and geographical regions.
This session invites papers that apply or critically engage with computational methods in the analysis of lithic, bone, wood and metal tools. We encourage contributions using (but not limited to):
* **3D and surface-based methods:** Photogrammetry, laser scanning, micro-CT, and surface metrology for documenting and analyzing tool morphology and use-wear.
* **Geometric morphometrics:** 2D or 3D landmark-based approaches, including outline and shape analyses.
* **Machine learning and AI:** Supervised and unsupervised methods (e.g., SVMs, tree-based classifiers), deep learning approaches (e.g., convolutional neural networks), for tasks such as segmentation, classification, and pattern recognition.
* **Computer vision and image analysis:** Techniques such as edge detection, segmentation, and texture quantification.
* **Simulation and modeling:** Agent-based modeling, biomechanical simulations, and virtual experiments.
* **Spatial and network analysis:** Geographic information systems (GIS) and network analysis methods.
* **Open science, databases, and interoperability:** Development of FAIR-compliant datasets, ontologies, and reproducible workflows.
We particularly welcome studies that address known challenges in the field, such as equifinality, small or imbalanced datasets, taphonomic overprinting, and the integration of heterogeneous data types. Case studies, methodological advances, experimental validation, and theoretical reflections are all encouraged. By bringing together archaeologists, material scientists, and computational specialists, this session demonstrates how advanced digital methods can reveal new insights into human behavior through the study of tool production and use.
#### _Reference_ s
Bellat, M., Figueroa, J.D.O., Reeves, J.S., Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, R., Tennie, C., Scholten, T., 2025. Machine learning applications in archaeological practices: a review. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.03840
Calandra, I., Schunk, L., Bob, K., Gneisinger, W., Pedergnana, A., Paixao, E., Hildebrandt, A., Marreiros, J., 2019. The effect of numerical aperture on quantitative use-wear studies and its implication on reproducibility. Scientific Reports 9, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42713-w
Courtenay, L.A., Huguet, R., González-Aguilera, D., Yravedra, J., 2020. A hybrid geometric morphometric deep learning approach for cut and trampling mark classification. Applied sciences 10, 150-. https://doi.org/10/g6d53b
Courtenay, L.A., Vanderesse, N., Doyon, L., Souron, A., 2024. Deep learning-based computer vision is not yet the answer to taphonomic equifinality in bone surface modifications. Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology 7, 388-388–411.
Courtenay, L.A., Yravedra, J., Huguet, R., Aramendi, J., Maté-González, M.Á., González-Aguilera, D., Arriaza, M.C., 2019. Combining machine learning algorithms and geometric morphometrics: A study of carnivore tooth marks. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology 522, 28–39. https://doi.org/10/gf5zjr
Eleftheriadou, A., McPherron, S., Marreiros, J., 2025. Machine Learning Applications in Use-Wear Analysis: A Critical Review. Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology 8, 188–205. https://doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.190
Foley, R., Lahr, M.M. n, 2003. On stony ground: Lithic technology, human evolution, and the emergence of culture. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 12, 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.10108
Hovers, E., 2012. Invention, reinvention and innovation, in: Developments in Quaternary Science. Elsevier Science & Technology, pp. 51–68.
Kozatsas, J., 2020. The dialectic of practice and the logical structure of the tool: Philosophy, archaeology and the anthropology of technology, 1st ed, Praehistorica mediterranea. Archaeopress Publishing, United Kingdom.
Kuhn, S.L., 2020. The Evolution of Paleolithic Technologies. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315642024
Luncz, L.V., Braun, D.R., Marreiros, J., Bamford, M., Zeng, C., Pacome, S.S., Junghenn, P., Buckley, Z., Yao, X., Carvalho, S., 2022. Chimpanzee wooden tool analysis advances the identification of percussive technology. iScience 25, 105315. https://doi.org/10/grmgd5
Marreiros, J., Pereira, T., Iovita, R., 2020. Controlled experiments in lithic technology and function. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 12, 110. https://doi.org/10/grx5xw
Proffitt, T., Reeves, J.S., Falótico, T., Arroyo, A., de la Torre, I., Ottoni, E.B., Luncz, L.V., 2023. Identifying intentional flake production at the dawn of technology: A technological and 3D geometric morphometric study. Journal of Archaeological Science 152, 105740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2023.105740
Schiffer, M.B., Skibo, J.M., 1987. Theory and Experiment in the Study of Technological Change. Current anthropology 28, 595–622. https://doi.org/10.1086/203601
Sferrazza, P., 2025. Archaeological and experimental lithic microwear classification through 2D textural analysis and machine learning. Journal of archaeological method and theory 32, 31-. Wyatt-Spratt, S., 2022. After the Revolution: A Review of 3D Modelling as a Tool for Stone Artefact Analysis. Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology 5, 215. https://doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.103.
**S14: Fighting Crime with Computational Archaeology**
**Session Organisers:**
_Wouter Verschoof-van der Vaart_ , Netherlands Forensic Institute
_Hayley Mickleburgh_ , University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Humanities
_Mike Groen_ , Netherlands Forensic Institute
**Session Format:** Standard
**_Description_**
In recent decades, countries across the globe have adopted archaeological theories, methods, and techniques within the context of criminal and judicial investigations, for example in the investigation of clandestine or mass graves, buried evidence, human remains, and heritage crimes (Barone & Groen 2025). This use of archaeological theories, methods, and techniques for the investigation of medico-legal and humanitarian cases defines the field of forensic archaeology (Blau & Ubelaker 2016). It involves the systematic documentation, recovery, and interpretation of material evidence, such as human remains, artefacts, and features from outdoor or complex crime scenes, that fall under criminal or legal inquiry.
Criminal investigations are increasingly data intensive, requiring efficient data processing, secure storage, and advanced analytical tools. Like conventional archaeology, forensic archaeology increasingly employs computational methods and techniques, including geospatial analysis and modelling using GIS, geophysical surveying, remote sensing, 3D-scanning, 3D-modelling, augmented reality, and virtual reconstructions. These methods provide important opportunities to efficiently and accurately collect data that meet the strict criteria for legal investigations. For example, a study comparing UAV-based photogrammetry to laser scanning showed near equal accuracy and precision for both methods of 3D data capture, demonstrating the suitability of UAV-based photogrammetry for rapid, non-invasive documentation in hazardous or logistically challenging environments (Cunha et al. 2022).
While the technical requirements and capabilities of computational methods and techniques in forensic archaeological contexts remain largely similar to those in conventional archaeology, forensic archaeology operates within legal frameworks and must adhere to chain-of-custody procedures. The routine application of digital and computational approaches therefore faces specific challenges in forensic contexts, including adaptation to the requirements of law enforcement agency workflows, the necessity for validation of techniques used in legal and judicial procedures, the integration of these approaches within criminalistics frameworks, and the need for rigorous security measures for sensitive data management.
This session aims to discuss the latest computational developments in the field of forensic archaeology, with particular emphasis on their potential for improving investigative outcomes and to explore how forensic archaeological practice can inform broader archaeology. Due to its fundamental requirements of secure and standardized data handling, careful handling of ethical sensitivities, and strict chain-of-custody procedures, forensic archaeology can offer valuable lessons for developing **robust digital practices** that benefit broader archaeology.
This session centers on computational innovations applied to or specifically adapted for forensic contexts. We invite contributions surrounding, but not limited to the following major topics:
* Locating, mapping, and visualizing outdoor and/or complex crime scenes such as outdoor scenes, clandestine graves, and mass graves;
* The investigation of heritage crimes (in conflict zones), such as looting;
* Geographical and criminological modeling and the use of geospatial analysis tools such as viewshed analysis and RAG maps within a forensic context.
We ask session presentations to reflect on:
* How forensic contexts affect the requirements of the data itself, procedures for data handling, workflows, etc.;
* Transferable lessons to (and from!) conventional archaeology;
* Gaps in current knowledge and threats to current practice;
* Strategies for standardization and validation of methods and techniques for use in forensic and/or (medico)legal contexts;
* Opportunities to develop open and ethical training resources.
#### _Reference_ s
Barone, P. M., & Groen, W. J. (Eds.). (2025). Forensic Archaeology and New Multidisciplinary Approaches. Topics Discussed During the 2018-2023 European Meetings on Forensic Archaeology (EMFA). Springer.
Blau, S., & Ubelaker, D.H. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Cunha, R. R., Arrabal, C. T., Dantas, M. M., & Bassanelli, H. R. (2022). Laser scanner and drone photogrammetry: A statistical comparison between 3-dimensional models and its impacts on outdoor crime scene registration. Forensic Science International, 330, 111100.
**S15: MuVAMoLa Part Two: Multivarite Approaches to Mortuary Landscapes**
**Session Organisers:**
_Timo Geitlinger,_ University of Zurich
_Tucker Deady_ , University of Toronto
**Session Format:** Other
### **_Description_**
Mortuary scholarship has perhaps one of the longest histories in archaeological research, but it is a history riddled with bias based on visibility, durability, and public interest. Often most evident in regions where burial practices were accompanied by the erection of monumental architecture, the inclusion of sensational objects, or carry imaginary cultural significance, mortuary contexts have drawn in significant amounts of research. Early scientific endeavors yielded abundant contextual data on burial monuments, ritual behavior, and interred objects. Due to the quality of documentation, however, through locational, temporal and financial predispositions, legacy datasets tend to be heterogenous and noisy and have large gaps in the types of information collected and recorded (see Cooper et al. 2022). Quantitative analyses of mortuary practices are thus commonly met with specific data-related challenges that have proven themselves obstacles in methodological proceedings. How do we therefore reconcile with this biased history of research while still utilizing the documented material and moving forward into more collaborative conversations within both computational and theoretical scholarship?
Mortuary behavior is inherently linked to individual and group identity and should be seen as both agents creating cultural and social connections _and_ manifestations of these relations. Simultaneously, burial construction and material inclusions are highly selective and cannot be taken to represent a daily reality of the associated people (Porter 2016). As archaeologists, we must ask how we can use the information we gather from burials, intentionally closed contexts, and speak about the living people and the materialization of their self-perception. Likewise, the placement of tombs within specific environments reveals complexities of cultural expressions that permeate past landscapes. The spatial significance of mortuary evidence in association with material culture, when placed under the scrutiny of quantitative analyses, can further enhance the theoretical and methodological approaches to archaeological landscapes as a whole. While early pioneers of computational archaeology conducted quantitative analyses to study burial contexts within individual sites (Hodson 1968), more recent studies use network analysis (Bourgeois and Kroon 2017; Sosna 2023), and principal components and correspondence analyses (Kjeld Jensen and Høilund Nielson 1997; Kassabaum 2011), amongst other multivariate methods (Nakoinz 2013), to study large scale landscape connections of mortuary contexts.
The session is built to bring together scholars from diverse backgrounds who study burials through multivariate quantitative approaches who are interested in discussing qualitative implications, best (and worst) practices, and potential caveats for future scholarship. In this second iteration of MuVAMoLA, we propose a two-part framework. Part one is in preparation for the conference and includes a submission approximately one month before the meeting of a short summary (this could simply be an adapted abstract) of your overall research and images. The intention is to create an interactive platform to provide conference-goers a prelude to the session with the further goal of turning it into a publishable format. Part two is the meeting itself which will be structurally akin to a traditional paper workshop of short presentations, creating an environment centered on questions and discussion. To accommodate for more flow and direct conversation, papers will be approximately 7 minutes long and the aim for each will be to focus on a specific method, question, or theoretical topic out of your larger research. The session will be split into themes depending on the topics submitted and each thematic section will have a discussant. We invite authors who:
* Apply and work on multivariate methods to burials and their landscapes
* Develop methodological or theoretical frameworks for the successful application of multivariate and/or spatial methods to study burial contexts.
Please submit a regular length abstract and indicate a specific area you plan to focus on for the conference. Prior to the meeting, we will be in touch regarding your part one submission. We will also be happy to work with session presenters on narrowing their focus for shortened talks and preparing for this discussion-based gathering.
### **_Other Format Description_**
We propose a two-part framework.
Part one is in preparation for the conference and includes a submission approximately one month before the meeting of a short summary (this could simply be an adapted abstract) of contributors’ overall research and images. The intention is to create an interactive platform to provide conference-goers a prelude to the session. There will be a link in the final program to access this.
Part two is the meeting itself which will be structurally akin to a traditional paper workshop of short presentations, creating an environment centered on questions and discussion. To accommodate for more flow and direct conversation, papers will be approximately 7 minutes long and the aim for each will be to focus on a specific method, question, or theoretical topic out of their larger research. The session will be split into themes depending on the topics submitted and each thematic section will have a discussant.
#### _Reference_ s
Bourgeois, Quentin. and Erik Kroon. 2017. “The Impact of Male Burials on the Construction of Corded Ware Identity: Reconstructing Networks of Information in the 3rd Millennium BC.” _PLoS One_ (10): e0185971–e0185971. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185971
Cooper, Anwen, Duncan Garrow, Catriona Gibson, Melanie Giles, and Neil Wilkin. 2022. _Grave Goods: Objects and Death in Later Prehistoric Britain_. Oxford ; Oxbow Books. https://doi.org/10.5284/1052206
Ekengren, Fredrik. 2013. “Contextualizing Grave Goods: Theoretical Perspectives and Methodological Implications.” In _The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial_. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569069.013.0010.
Gosden, Chris, Tyler Franconi, Letty ten Harkel. 2021. “Introduction.” In _English Landscape and Identities. Investigating Landscape Change from 1500 BC to AD 1086_ , edited by Anwen Cooper, Miranda Creswell, Victoria Donnelly, Tyler Franconi, Roger Glyde, Chris Gosden, Chris Green, Zena Kamash, Sarah Mallet, Laura Morley, Daniel Stansbie, and Letty ten Harkel. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870623.001.0001
Hodson, Frank Roy. 1968. _The La Tène Cemetery at Münsingen-Rain, Catalogue and relative Chronolog._ Acta Bernensia V, Bern: Verlag Stämpfli & Cie AG.
Kassabaum, Megan. (2011). “Looking Beyond the Obvious: Identifying Patterns in Coles Creek Mortuary Data.” _Southeastern Archaeology_ 30 (2): 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1179/sea.2011.30.2.002
Nakoinz, Oliver. 2013. _Archäologische Kulturgeographie der ältereisenzeitlichen Zentralorte Südwestdeutschlands_. “Universitätforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie” 224, Bonn: Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
Porter, Anne. 2016. “The Materiality of Mourning.” In _How to Cope with Death: Mourning and Funerary Practices in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the University of Firenze, December 5-6, 2013,_ edited by C Felli. Pisa. 157-188
Sosna, Daniel. 2023. “Mortuary Archaeology Networks.” In _The Oxford Handbook of Archaeological Network Research_ , edited by Tom Brughmans, Barbara J. Mills, Jessica Munson, and Matthew A. Peeples. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198854265.013.25
**S16:**“All Models are Wrong”: Learning from Failure in Computational Archaeology****
**Session Organisers:**
_Joe Roe_ , Department of Cross-Cultural Regional Studies, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
_Matteo Tomasini,_ Gothenburg Research Infrastructure in Digital Humanities & Department of Literature, History of Ideas, and Religion, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Box’s oft-quoted law—”all models are wrong, but some are useful” (Box 1976)—tells us that the value of a model is not in precisely reproducing the real world, but failing to do so in a productive way. This is nowhere truer than in computational archaeology, the search for mathematical approximations of a fundamentally unreproducible past. We are voracious producers and consumers of new digital methods, tools, and perspectives (Scollar 1999; Batist and Roe 2024). It is only to be expected that most of these end up going nowhere. Yet only successful models tend to make it into conferences and publications; the lessons we learn from ‘failed’ attempts are kept private. In this session, we call for papers on: models that failed verification, or turned out to be unverifiable; new approaches tried that didn’t work; errors in implementation, large and small; methods and tools that have been left on the wayside; and any other form of failure in computational archaeological research.
#### _Reference_ s
Batist, Z. & Roe, J., 2024. Open archaeology, open source? Collaborative practices in an emerging community of archaeological software engineers. _Internet Archaeology_ 67. https://doi.org/10.11141/ia.67.13
Box, G. E. P. 1976. Science and Statistics. _Journal of the American Statistical Association_ 71: 791–799. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1976.10480949
Scollar, I. 1999. 25 Years of computer applications in archaeology. In L. Dingwall, S. Exon, V. Gaffney, S. Laflin and M. van Leusen (eds.) _Archaeology in the Age of the Internet_. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 5-10. https://proceedings.caaconference.org/paper/02_scollar_caa_1997/
**S17: Channels of Change – Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Archaeology of Fluvial Environments**
**Session Organisers:**
_Martin Offermann_ , Institute for Geography, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
_Chiara G. M. Girotto,_ Labor für Prähistorische Anthropologie, Munich, Germany
_Iris Nießen,_ Working Group “Historical Anthropospheres”, LeipzigLab, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany & Department of Medieval Archaeology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
_Lukas Werther_ , German Archaeological Institute, Romano-Germanic Commission, Frankfurt, Germany
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Integrating, collating, and holistic interpretation of inter- and transdisciplinary modes of research, evidence, and ideas has long been a part of investigating the past. In recent decades, this approach to archaeological research has been expanded by the ever-growing availability of high-resolution datasets, including satellite imagery, lidar, paleoenvironmental proxies, sediment archives, ancient DNA, isotopic analyses, ethnographic and detailed excavation records. These sources span scales from microscopic material analysis to regional climate modelling, and from single events to processes lasting millennia.
Floodplains are especially suited to such integrative approaches. As dynamic socio-environmental zones where hydrological, geomorphological, and ecological processes intersect with centuries or even millennia of human activity, they preserve exceptional cultural and natural archives. However, in Central Europe up to 95 % of floodplains have been altered or destroyed through embankment, drainage, channelisation, damming, and settlement expansion. These transformations reflect long-term interactions between climate variability, catchment-scale processes, and direct anthropogenic forcing.
Werther et al. (2021) define such heavily modified systems as part of a Fluvial Anthroposphere. The onset of these conditions varies regionally, reflecting environmental settings, historical trajectories, and cultural practices. In Central Europe, major transitions occurred in the medieval and preindustrial periods, driven by intensified land reclamation, hydroengineering, and resource exploitation. Adopting the Fluvial Anthroposphere framework in archaeology means bridging qualitative based evidence (typologies, texts, maps, oral traditions) with quantitative evidence (geomorphological mapping, sediment stratigraphy, palaeohydrological models, geochemistry, biodiversity records). The aim is to create interoperable frameworks that preserve disciplinary focussed approaches whilst enabling joint analysis.
Understanding the long-term coevolution of river systems and societies has practical value for floodplain management, biodiversity conservation, climate adaptation, and heritage preservation. Restoration strategies benefit from recognising that many “natural” baselines are products of centuries of human alteration. Integrating archaeological and historical perspectives ensures such strategies are both ecologically sound and culturally informed.
We invite submissions of case studies, methodological papers, and theoretical reflections from any geographical or chronological context, provided they address the central theme of the session. Possible contributions include but are not limited to:
* Integrating archaeological, historical, ethnographical, stratigraphical, palaeoenvironmental, hydrological, and chronological data into unified models of floodplain formation, transformation, and occupation histories and to reconstruct cultural practices, land-use strategies, and socio-political responses to riverine and floodplain dynamics over centuries or millennia
* Applying quantitative tools to heterogeneous cultural and environmental datasets to identify cross-scale patterns and socio-natural feedbacks.
* Developing visualisation tools that represent multi-scalar and multi-temporal relationships in floodplain and riverine archaeology, integrating both qualitative narratives and quantitative measurements.
* Addressing uncertainty, chronological variability, and error propagation when integrating datasets from diverse disciplinary and methodological origins.
* Reflecting on epistemological and methodological challenges in uniting qualitative evidence with quantitative data, ensuring interpretative balance across disciplines and scales.
Contributions from early-career researchers and projects involving interdisciplinary collaboration across fields such as archaeology, paleoenvironmental science, anthropology, history and computer science are particularly encouraged.
#### _Reference_ s
Bevan, A. 2015. The data deluge. Antiquity 89(348), 1473–1484. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.102.
Haldon, J., Mordechai, L., Newfield, T. P., Chase, A. F., Izdebski, A., Guzowski, P., Labuhn, I., and Roberts, N. 2018. History meets palaeoscience: Consilience and collaboration in studying past societal responses to environmental change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115(13), 3210–3218. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716912115.
Huggett, J. 2018. Reuse remix recycle: Repurposing archaeological digital data. Advances in Archaeological Practice 6(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1017/aap.2018.1.
Lang, M., Derntl, M., Glissmann, B., Rosenkranz, V., Seidensticker, D., and Kirschenheuter, D. 2020. Spacialist – A virtual research environment for the spatial humanities. In: Digital Archeologies, Material Worlds (Past and Present), Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archeology, Atlanta. Universität Tübingen, 181–192. https://doi.org/10.15496/PUBLIKATION-43218.
Offermann, M., Hein, M., Hegemann, R., Gödecke, K., Hegner, L., Henke, Y., Schäfer, N., Shelukhina, H., Liebscher, E., Opel, S., Rabiger-Völlmer, J., Werther, L., and Zielhofer, C. 2025. Ecohydrological changes and potential salmon habitat suitability since pre-industrial times at the Mulde River (Germany). E&G Quaternary Science Journal (in revision). iDAI.repo (preprint). https://doi.org/10.34780/pqp6jpwh.
Werther, L., Mehler, N., Schenk, G. J., and Zielhofer, C. 2021. On the way to the fluvial anthroposphere—Current limitations and perspectives of multidisciplinary research. Water 13, 2188. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13162188.
**S18: Connecting the Americas: A Pan-Regional Dialogue among CAA Chapters**
**Session Organisers:**
_Giacomo Fontana,_ Texas Tech University, USA (chair)
_Eduardo Herrera Malatesta,_ Leiden University, Netherlands (chair)
_Grégoire van Havre,_ Universidade Federal do Piauí, Brazil (chair)
_Diego Jimenez Badillo_ , Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico (chair)
_Brian Crane_ , Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, USA
**Session Format:** Other
### **_Description_**
This panel brings together representatives from the network of CAA regional chapters across the Americas, including CAA North America, CAA Mexico, CAA Brazil, and CAA Latin America & the Caribbean, for an open dialogue on the shared challenges, research interests, and collaborative opportunities that define computational archaeology in the region.
As the global CAA community continues to grow, chapters in the Americas have emerged within diverse socio-political contexts, facing distinct but often overlapping issues such as uneven access to digital infrastructure and training, linguistic diversity, funding limitations, and the ongoing need to decolonize archaeological knowledge production and digital methods.
While CAA chapters in Europe benefit from longer-established networks and more consistent inter-chapter collaboration, regional coordination in the Americas remains comparatively underdeveloped. This panel seeks to address that gap by fostering dialogue among American chapters and articulating the specific needs and priorities shaped by local conditions, including political instability, institutional fragmentation, and barriers to international cooperation.
The goal of the panel is twofold: first, to explore concrete opportunities for collaboration across American chapters, such as co-organized events, shared resources, and training initiatives, and second, to identify common research priorities that could benefit from sustained cross-regional engagement. These may include digital heritage management, open science practices, spatial and landscape analysis in diverse environments, community-based digital archaeology, and ethical considerations around data sovereignty and representation.
The panel will also reflect on the growing movement of students, researchers, and archaeological projects that cross national borders within the Americas. These transregional academic flows present both challenges and opportunities for building inclusive, context-sensitive approaches to computational archaeology.
By convening this discussion among chapter representatives and the session audience, the panel aims to lay the foundation for sustained inter-chapter collaboration that reflects the diversity, complexity, and potential of archaeological practice in the Americas. It represents both a recognition of ongoing efforts and a step toward a more connected, responsive, and regionally grounded CAA community.
### **_Other_**** _Format Description_**
The session will be structured as a panel discussion among representatives from different CAA chapters in the Americas. Giacomo Fontana will serve as moderator, with Eduardo Herrera Malatesta representing Latin America and the Caribbean, Diego Jiménez Badillo representing Mexico, Grégoire van Havre representing Brazil, and Brian Crane representing North America. The goal is to facilitate an informal conversation focused on exploring opportunities for collaboration, while also addressing the growing funding and political challenges we all face. Following an initial structured discussion among the panelists, the floor will be opened to the audience for questions and to share their perspectives.
**S19: Structuring the World Beyond: Analytical and Computational Approaches towards Protohistoric and Early Medieval Funerary Data**
**Session Organisers:**
_Marek Vlach_ , Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno
_Balázs Komoróczy_ , Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno
_Marek Hladík_ , Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno Katarína Hladíková, Slovak National Museum, Archaeological Museum, Bratislava
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Funerary contexts have long been regarded as a key component of archaeological data for understanding past societies, where burials and funerary areas serve as a bridge between the world of the living and the realm of the deceased (Pearson, 1999). Despite differing perspectives on their potential for shedding light on past societies and their structuring (Tainter, 1978, Binford, 1971, Saxe, 1970, Hodder, 1984, Härke, 2000, Steuer, 1982), they occupy a central role in many theories about social structures, beliefs, and cultural practices. The variability and structure observed in archaeological data on funerary contexts (such as grave furnishings and grave goods) reflect the complex realities of past societies, encompassing the characteristics of the buried individual, their relatives, and the community. Traditionally, archaeologists are primarily examining mortuary remains through qualitative typochronological analysis; however, the available tools and methods, the scale of burial data, and associated natural scientific datasets (e.g., metallography, isotopic analysis, genomics, palaeopathology) enable new and innovative approaches to analyse both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the mortuary record. Today, advances in computing and digital methodologies are transforming the field, from statistical models to machine learning, enabling the extraction of meaningful patterns from burial context data.
Beyond the traditional “visual” identification of grave clusters, statistical spatial analysis methods such as Ripley’s K-function or kernel density estimation are increasingly used to identify structures and clusters within cemeteries based on objective metrics and hypothesis testing (Sayer, 2020). These results can be further integrated into complex relational models using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), enabling the testing of hypothetical links between spatial organisation, social factors, and chronology. Such combined approaches can reveal whether cemeteries were organised into small nuclear clusters or large, heterogeneous “households” used over long periods, and can analyse relationships with sex, age, status, or the chronology of the buried individuals.
This session concentrates on computational methods for analysing archaeological and natural scientific data on burial records, focusing on the Protohistoric and Early Medieval periods in Europe (though relevant contributions from other regions and periods are also encouraged). These transitional eras exhibit diverse mortuary practices and extensive burial grounds that greatly benefit from data-driven analysis. The session aims to demonstrate how modern computational archaeology can offer new insights into burial evidence, whether shedding light on social hierarchy, ritual variations, demographic trends, population health standards, or cultural connections across regions. Addressing longstanding questions (e.g., new frameworks to measure prehistoric grave wealth) deepens understanding of how the living world has influenced and extended into the perception of the ‘beyond’ within past societies. In addition to established tools and techniques, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in archaeology can pioneer new frontiers in funerary archaeology, enabling researchers to recognise complex patterns and make predictions that were previously impossible.
Methodologically, the session is open to the full spectrum of computational techniques and tools. We invite researchers to present studies employing any computational methods to analyse burial data. Possible topics and approaches include (but are not limited to):
* **Spatial analysis** of burial ground layouts, intra-site and/or inter-site spatial analyses, topographic integration, and environmental context
* **Chronological modelling of burial sequences** through the Bayesian modelling, aoristic analysis, etc.
* **Social differentiation through grave goods patterns** , including wealth indexing, distributional modelling, and identity metrics across larger datasets
* Multi-proxy integration of**archaeometric, bioarchaeological, and environmental data**
* **Advanced spatial statistics (Ripley’s K-function, nearest neighbour analysis, kernel density) combined with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to test hypothetical relationships**
* **Simulation and network modelling of mortuary behaviour** , kin groupings, prestige display systems, and ideological transformation
* **Machine learning and AI** in various aspects of funerary record archaeological data in classification and pattern recognition
* **Meta-analyses or comparative studies** of burial practices across cultural, temporal and spatial contexts
By highlighting such diverse approaches, the session will emphasise how these tools and methods can help to address various research questions, transforming raw data from graves into meaningful narratives about past societies. The session aims to foster dialogue between specialists in computational methods and archaeologists working on funerary contexts. We welcome contributions from Europe and beyond, as comparative perspectives can deepen understanding of universal and regional patterns in burial practices and enhance knowledge of Protohistoric and Early Medieval necropolises.
#### _Reference_ s
BINFORD, L. R. 1971. Mortuary Practices: Their Study and Their Potential. _Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology,_ 25**,** 6-29.
HÄRKE, H. 2000. Social Analysis of Mortuary Evidence in German Protohistoric Archaeology. _Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,_ 19**,** 369-384.
HODDER, I. 1984. Burials, houses, women and men in the European Neolithic. _In:_ MILLER, D. & TILLEY, C. (eds.) _Ideology, Power and Prehistory._ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
PEARSON, M. P. 1999. _The archaeology of death and burial,_ College Station, Texas A & M University Press.
SAXE, A. A. 1970. _Social dimensions of mortuary practices._ University of Michigan.
SAYER, D. 2020. _Early Anglo-Saxon cemeteries: Kinship, community and identity,_ Manchester, Manchester University Press.
STEUER, H. 1982. Frühgeschichtliche Sozialstrukturen in Mitteleuropa. Zur Analyse der Auswertungsmethoden des archäologischen Quellenmaterials. _In:_ BRATHER, S., HEIZMANN, W. & PATZOLD, S. (eds.) _Germanische Altertumskunde im Wandel: Archäologische, philologische und geschichtswissenschaftliche Beiträge aus 150 Jahren._ Göttingen: De Gruyter.
TAINTER, J. A. 1978. Mortuary Practices and the Study of Prehistoric Social Systems. _In:_ SCHIFFER, M. B. (ed.) _Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory._ San Diego: Academic Press.
**S20: Digital Archaeological Collections as AI Training Data**
**Session Organisers:**
_Vera Moitinho de Almeida_ , University of Porto & INESCC
_Nevio Dubbini_ , University of Pisa
_Aurore Mathys_ , Royal Museum for Central Africa & University of Liège
_Gabriele Gattiglia_ , University of Pisa
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
As the digitisation of archaeological collections accelerates, the field is witnessing a transformative shift in how data are produced, curated, shared, and analysed. Digital databases, archives, and repositories — from site records and objects to high-resolution 3D scans, satellite imagery, and grey literature — are increasingly being enriched and repurposed as training data for artificial intelligence (AI) systems. AI has been applied to a broad range of tasks, such as archaeological sites/objects detection from LiDAR data and aerial photographs, predictive modelling of site locations, automated feature extraction from remote sensing and other data, material provenance analysis, artefact classification, epigraphic transcription, semantic annotation of textual corpora, and data description and integration (Gattiglia 2025). At the core of all these advances lies a foundational component: **archaeological training data**.**__**
This session explores the multifaceted role of **digital archaeological collections as training data for AI** , addressing the scientific opportunities, technical and methodological challenges, and social responsibilities that come with applying computational methods to cultural heritage data — issues also tackled by the Managing Artificial Intelligence in Archaeology (MAIA) COST Action CA23141 (2024-2028). Training data will provide novel perspectives for archaeological research on unprecedented scales. Yet, this shift also raises critical questions about data quality, interoperability, ethics, and sustainability.
Archaeological collections, by their very nature, are rich in contextual, typological, and spatial information, making them attractive for AI applications. However, their integration into computational pipelines requires careful consideration of data quality, standardisation, provenance, and cultural sensitivity. Digital archaeological collections are not neutral or static repositories, but highly heterogeneous and dynamic cultural artefacts shaped by different research traditions, historical collection practices, digitisation strategies, institutional priorities, legal frameworks, and budgetary issues, among others. Crucially, this session does not treat digital archaeological data as a mere technical resource, but as a complex cultural and scholarly artefact in its own right. When repurposed for AI, these collections become part of a complex pipeline of knowledge production — one that demands transparency, critical reflexivity, and inclusive governance.
At the core of our research is a commitment to Open Science, as promoted by the European Commission (2019–), as well as to the FAIR (Wilkinson et al. 2016; _Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable_), CARE (GIDA 2018, Carroll et al. 2020; _Collective Benefit_ , _Authority to Control_ , _Responsibility_ , _Ethics_) and TADA (Ivimey-Cook et al. 2025; _Transferable_ , _Accessibility_ , _Documented_ , _Annotated_) data principles. These frameworks are essential not only for encouraging open access to research outputs, collaborative infrastructures, and citizen engagement, but also for fostering reproducible and transparent AI research. They help ensure that archaeological knowledge remains a shared public good, while empowering communities to retain control over their data and benefit from its use.
These principles serve as guiding frameworks for preparing archaeological comparative datasets for AI training in a way that maximizes scientific rigor and minimizes unintended harm. It requires deliberate effort: datasets must be curated with clear provenance, comprehensive metadata and paradata, and open licensing; data formats must support machine readability and semantic interoperability; repositories must be designed to facilitate long-term accessibility, cross-disciplinary querying, and reuse. Making data reusable entails not only technical compatibility but also rich documentation of context, uncertainty, and cultural sensitivity — factors that are critical in archaeology but often undervalued in AI workflows. Without these foundations, the reuse of archaeological data for AI risks becoming fragmented, opaque, exploitative, or even useless.
This session explores the dynamic intersection of digital archaeological collections and AI, focusing on both the potential and the challenges of using such datasets to train intelligent systems. What constitutes a high-quality training dataset in archaeology, and how do archaeological standards/practices align (or conflict) with AI data requirements? How can the inherent biases in archaeological data (e.g., resulting from archival practices or digitisation strategies) impact the performance and fairness of AI models? In what ways do AI applications risk reproducing or amplifying existing interpretations, narratives, or silences within the archaeological record? What are the emerging best practices for ensuring transparency, reproducibility, and ethical accountability in AI-augmented archaeological research?
Presentations may address a range of themes, including but not limited to:
* Case studies demonstrating the use of AI in archaeological collections;
* Producing and exploring currently openly available (small to large) archaeological benchmark datasets to test AI models;
* Current good practices and guidelines for preparing data files for AI training;
* Preparing, structuring, and curating archaeological datasets for AI training in compliance with Open Science, FAIR, CARE, and/or TADA data principles;
* Limits and problems linked to the creation and/or use of comparative digital collections for AI applications;
* Technical and ethical challenges of bias, representation, and generalization in AI models trained on archaeological data;
* Collaborative efforts and contributions to open, federated data infrastructures and training resources for AI in archaeology.
By bringing together diverse perspectives on the role of digital archaeological collections in AI data training, this session contributes to a broader discussion about the next generation of AI-driven archaeological research and the future of archaeological knowledge production. It encourages critical engagement with the tools and methods we use, while highlighting the possibilities for AI to support archaeological research. The goal is to chart a path forward for guidelines and best practices with ethically grounded, context-aware, and scientifically rigorous applications of AI in archaeology, supported by high-quality data and research practices.
#### _Reference_ s
MAIA (2024-2028). _COST Action CA23141 — Managing Artificial Intelligence in Archaeology (MAIA)_. Belgium: COST Association. https://www.cost.eu/actions/CA23141/
Carroll, S. R., Garba, I., Figueroa-Rodríguez, O., _et al._ (2020). “The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance”. _Data Science Journal_ 19: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5334/dsj-2020-042
European Commission (2019-). _Open Science_. https://ec.europa.eu/info/research-and-innovation/strategy/strategy-2020-2024/our-digital-future/open-science_en
Gattiglia, G. (2025). “Managing Artificial Intelligence in Archaeology. An overview”. _Journal of Cultural Heritage_ 71:225-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.11.020
GIDA (2018-). _CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance_. Global Indigenous Data Alliance (GIDA). https://www.gida-global.org/care
Ivimey-Cook, E.R., Culina, A., Dimri, S., Grainger, M.J., Kar, F., Lagisz, M., Moran, N.P., Nakagawa, S., Roche, D.G., Sánchez-Tójar, A., Windecker, S.M., Pick, J.L. (2025). “TADA! Simple guidelines to improve code sharing”. _Eco/EvoRxiv_ (preprint). https://doi.org/10.32942/X2D93K
Wilkinson, M., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I., et al. (2016). “The FAIR Guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship”. _Scientific Data_ 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18
**S21: Computational Approaches to Archaeology in Latin America and the Caribbean: Building Regional Dialogues**
**Session Organisers:**
_Sebastian Fajardo Bernal,_ Leiden University
_Cristian Gonzalez Rodriguez_ , University College London
_Yoly Velandria_ , Archaeological and Historical Conservancy, Inc.
_Daniel Sanchez-Gomez_ , University of Lisbon
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
The newly created CAA Latin America and Caribbean Chapter provides a platform to connect the region’s expanding network of researchers and practitioners applying computational approaches in archaeology and heritage. Across the region, there is an active and diverse community working on areas such as 3D reconstruction, digital heritage management, predictive modelling, GIS-based spatial analysis, remote sensing, archaeometry, human–environment modelling, and AI-assisted object reconstruction. These initiatives—developed in countries from the Andes to the Caribbean—often operate independently and face shared challenges related to accessibility, infrastructure, training, and collaboration.
This session seeks to bring these groups together to strengthen research networks that address local contexts, knowledge systems, and specific regional challenges. We invite contributions on computational archaeology in all its forms, including spatial analysis, predictive modelling, network and agent-based modelling, remote sensing, digital documentation, 3D visualisation, and machine learning. Case studies, methodological developments, and theoretical reflections are welcome, whether based on fieldwork, historical datasets, or experimental projects.
The session will highlight the conditions shaping computational research in Latin America and the Caribbean. These include limited digital autonomy, fragmented communication channels, and barriers to research mobility that restrict collaboration across countries and institutions. At the same time, the region offers fertile ground for innovation, drawing on its rich ecological and cultural diversity and supported by a vibrant network of researchers, Indigenous communities, and other local stakeholders eager to amplify their voices in global dialogues. By confronting these challenges while building on the region’s strengths, the session aims to foster a more inclusive and diverse computational archaeology. It seeks to lay the groundwork for systematic and rigorous practice in the region, promoting sustained collaborations, shared digital resources, and long-term capacity building.
**S22: Ethics in Digital and Computational Archaeology**
**Session Organisers:**
_Eduardo Herrera-Malatesta_ , University of Bonn
_Aleks Michalewicz,_ The University of Melbourne
_Alicia Walsh_ , Leiden University
_Madisen Hvidberg,_ University of Calgary
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
The rapid development of technology in archaeology has introduced both new opportunities and new ethical challenges. The accessibility of advanced tools, from large-scale digitisation and remote sensing to artificial intelligence, has shifted the central question from “Can I?” to “Should I?” While frameworks such as the London Charter, the FAIR and CARE principles, and the CAA Ethics Policy offer valuable guidance, they often remain broad in scope. Their flexibility allows application across diverse scenarios, but it can also make translating them into everyday practice difficult. Ethical review processes frequently prioritise legal compliance, such as GDPR and privacy, reducing ethics to a procedural box-ticking exercise rather than a starting point for deeper reflection. This session reframes ethics as an ongoing, integral aspect of research design and practice, not an afterthought. We invite presenters to share first-hand accounts of ethical dilemmas encountered in digital and computational archaeology: what worked, what did not, and how solutions were reached. By openly discussing challenges and even “failings,” we can collectively identify pathways toward more equitable, sustainable, and context-aware practice.
Topics include (but are not limited to):
* Implementing FAIR and CARE principles in practice,
* Environmental sustainability in digital projects,
* Codes of conduct for field, lab, and online work,
* Navigating ethical research in geopolitical conflict zones,
* Community engagement, co-creation, and restitution,
* Digitisation of human remains and culturally sensitive materials,
* Decolonial approaches to digital heritage,
* Lessons from other disciplines.
While we are interested in grounded, practice-based perspectives, we welcome theoretical discussions on any related topic or questions. For example, how do archaeologists adapt ethical guidelines to fit specific social, political, and environmental contexts? How can grassroots activism, public engagement, and institutional change work in tandem to shape ethical practice? What creative strategies emerge when principles meet the realities of funding bodies, governmental institutions, or community expectations? We also encourage reflections on the intersections between digital and broader archaeological ethics. Restitution, equitable access, intellectual property, accessibility for people with disabilities, and the stewardship of conflicted heritage all gain new dimensions when digital technologies are introduced. By examining these intersections, we can better anticipate the ethical implications of emerging tools such as 3D documentation, virtual and augmented reality, AI-driven analysis, and open data platforms.
With this session, we aim to foster a collaborative space for sharing experiences, learning from one another, and building adaptable roadmaps for the ethical use of digital technologies in archaeology. Through open dialogue, critical reflection, and cross-disciplinary exchange, we hope to strengthen ethics as a living practice, one that guides our decisions, shapes our relationships with communities, and ensures the responsible stewardship of archaeological heritage in a rapidly changing digital world.
**S23: Augmenting Collections Digitally: Augmented Reality as a Tool for Teaching and Dissemination in Scientific Collections and Museums**
**Session Organisers:**
_Sascha Schmitz_ , Universität des Saarlandes
_Nils Schnorr,_ Universität des Saarlandes
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Collections have long been central to teaching in object-based disciplines such as archaeology, art history, and anthropology. Traditionally, students learned description, classification, and analysis by working directly with original artifacts or large-scale plaster casts. Today, however, the expansion of these collections is limited by ethical, financial, and spatial constraints. At the same time, digitization projects in universities and museums are producing a rapidly growing number of 3D models, which open new opportunities for teaching, research, and dissemination (Günther et al. 2023).
This session focuses on the transformative potential of Augmented Reality (AR) and related digital technologies like Mixed Reality (MR) (for differentiation between these two, see e.g. Bekele 2021, 95-100) for higher education and museum practice. While Virtual Reality (VR) applications are already known from virtual museum projects (e.g. ExPresS XR, https://dikopa.net/2023/12/express-xr-ein-virtuelles-museums-tool/), AR remains underutilized (see Barrile et al. 2022, Munoz & Martí 2020 for examples), despite its capacity to enrich physical collections by placing digital reconstructions and comparative models right next to real-world objects and displays. AR thus offers unique possibilities for knowledge transfer, critical engagement, and interactive learning (Spallone et al. 2024).
We invite contributions that address the role of AR and digital 3D documentation in object-based disciplines, with particular emphasis on teaching practices, museum dissemination, and data management. Topics may include, but are not limited to:
* AR applications in teaching and museum contexts, including case studies of courses or exhibitions.
* Student involvement in tool development, 3D documentation and reconstruction as part of curricula.
* Knowledge dissemination through AR, including strategies for engaging different audiences.
* Visualization of uncertainty and transparent documentation of reconstruction processes.
* Data management and “fairification” of complex 3D datasets for sustainable reuse.
By combining perspectives from archaeology, museology, and digital humanities, this session aims to foster discussion on both the opportunities and challenges of using AR in object-based disciplines. Contributors and attendees will exchange insights on practical projects, methodological approaches, and technical infrastructures, while also reflecting on how immersive technologies can shape the future of teaching and the public understanding of material cultural heritage.
#### _Reference_ s
Barrile, Vincenzo, Ernesto Bernardo, Antonino Fotia, and Giuliana Bilotta. 2022. “A Combined Study of Cultural Heritage in Archaeological Museums: 3D Survey and Mixed Reality.” Heritage 5 (June):1330–49. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030069.
Bekele, Mafkereseb Kassahun. 2021. “Mixed Reality:” In Virtual Heritage, edited by Erik Malcolm Champion, 93–104. A Guide. Ubiquity Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2dt5m8g.12.
Günther, Elisabeth, Clemens Brünenberg, Carsten Mischka, Doris Mischka, Fabian Stroth. 2023. „NEUES SEHEN – Aktuelle Ansätze der Digitalen Archäologie in der Objekt- und Bildwissenschaft: Teil 1/4: Digitale Archäologie in der universitären Lehre“ Digital Classics Online 9. https://doi.org/10.11588/dco.2023.9.94357
Muñoz, Adolfo and Ana Martí. 2020 “New Storytelling for Archaeological Museums based on Augmented Reality Glasses” In Communicating the Past in the Digital Age, edited by Sebastian Hageneuer, 85-100. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11cvx4t.12
Spallone, Roberta, Fabrizio Lamberti, Luca Maria Olivieri, Francesca Ronco, and Luca Lombardi. 2024. “Augmented Reality and Avatars for Museum Heritage Storytelling.” In Beyond Digital Representation, edited by Andrea Giordano, Michele Russo, and Roberta Spallone, 241–58. Digital Innovations in Architecture, Engineering and Construction. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36155-5_16
**S24:** **Real-World Perspectives on Building Research Data Infrastructures: Community Practices, Legal Contexts, and Implementation** **(_round table_)**
Find details here!
**S25: How to do ROAD: An Essential Tool for Conducting Multidisciplinary Studies Related to Human Evolution**
**Session Organisers:**
_Christine Hertler_ , ROCEEH Research Center
_Andrew W. Kandel_ , ROCEEH Research Center
_Christian Sommer_ , ROCEEH Research Center
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Computational analytical approaches have long been established in the study of human history, and they place increasing demands on data volume, structuring, and reliability. As a large-scale research database providing information about human evolution and cultural development, the ROCEEH Out of Africa Database (ROAD) represents an essential tool for researchers. Systematic data collection in ROAD covers Africa and Eurasia between three million and 20,000 years ago. The database contains information about 2,500+ sites and 26,000+ assemblages, with details on human fossils, their paleoenvironmental context in terms of associated fauna and flora, as well as artifacts and their behavioral and cultural interpretations (Kandel et al. 2023). Such a comprehensive warehouse of data prepares the way for integrative studies about the expansions of humans over the course of their journey through prehistoric times.
Most of the data contained in ROAD stems from 6,300+ published sources. Although the majority of data comes from scientific journals published during the last two decades, other sources include historical publications and/or data found in reports and through personal communications. ROAD also integrates data published in languages other than English including other script systems, such as Cyrillic or Chinese. ROAD is curated and maintained by the ROCEEH team.
The Research Center “The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans” (ROCEEH) explores expansions of early humans. The mobility of human groups resulting in large-scale dispersal patterns represents _expansions of range_. Such range expansions reflect changing patterns of resource use, that is, _expansions of the resource space_. In turn, such shifts are driven by changing conditions in the paleoenvironment due to climatic oscillations as well as expansions in sociocultural practices, namely _expansions of cultural performances_.
The ROCEEH team designed a set of tools which enables researchers to explore data in ROAD without direct support and/or in-depth knowledge of writing SQL queries. Examples of available applications in ROAD include: ROAD Site Summary Data Sheets for each locality entered; ROAD Simple Search, an easy-to-use interface to learn more about the contents of the database; WebGIS also known as the MapModule for basic mapping functions; Ask ROAD, an application which allows users to compose queries easily; and upcoming roadDB, a library for data retrieval and analysis using the R language. We will introduce and discuss the use of these tools in a separate ROAD workshop at CAA 2026. In this standard session we invite and feature studies which have been conducted using ROAD data to illustrate the range of methods which can be applied to evaluate large datasets. Examples of the range of studies start with analyses of spatiotemporal patterns (Scerri & Will 2023), network analysis (Sommer et al. 2022) and paleoenvironmental studies (Archer 2021), but also covers diverse modeling approaches including niche modeling (Yaworsky et al. 2024), species distribution models (Timbrell 2024), and simulation-based approaches (Coco & Jovita 2025).
#### _Reference_ s
Archer W (2021) Carrying capacity, population density and the later Pleistocene expression of backed artefact manufacturing traditions in Africa. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B37620190716. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0716
Coco E, Iovita R (2025) Agent-based simulations reveal the possibility of multiple rapid northern routes for the second Neanderthal dispersal from Western to Eastern Eurasia. PLOS ONE 20(6): e0325693. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325693
Kandel AW, Sommer C, Kanaeva Z, Bolus M, Bruch AA, Groth C, Haidle MN, Hertler C, Heß J, Malina M, Märker M, Hochschild V, Conard NJ, Schrenk F, Mosbrugger V (2023) The ROCEEH Out of Africa Database (ROAD): A large-scale research database serves as an indispensable tool for human evolutionary studies. PLOS ONE 18(8): e0289513. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289513
Scerri EML, Will M (2023) The revolution that still isn’t: The origins of behavioral complexity in Homo sapiens. Journal of Human Evolution 179: 103358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103358
Sommer, C, Kandel, A W, & Hochschild, V (2022) The use of prehistoric ‘big data’ for mapping early human cultural networks. Journal of Maps, 18(4), 674–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2022.2118628
Timbrell, L (2024) Ecology and demography of early Homo sapiens: a synthesis of archaeological and climatic data from eastern Africa. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 59(1), 76–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2024.2307790
Yaworsky, PM, Nielsen, ES & Nielsen, TK (2024) The Neanderthal niche space of Western Eurasia 145 ka to 30 ka ago. _Sci Rep_ **14** , 7788. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57490-4
A list of publications citing road can be found at https://www.zotero.org/groups/5497463/roceeh/collections/IY57X4GA
**S26: New Frontiers in Drone Applications**
**Session Organisers:**
_Jitte Waagen,_ University of Amsterdam
_Matthias Lang_ , Universität Bonn
_Manuel J.H. Peters_ , Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology
_Mason Scholte_ , University of Amsterdam
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
This session invites innovative contributions from the field of drone applications in field archaeology that explicitly go beyond well-established practices. In the last decade, we have seen the rapid rise of remotely piloted aircraft with multirotor and fixed wing platforms, while sensors are becoming increasingly affordable and easier to operate. As a result, we are now moving beyond the presentation of basic aerial imaging results or discussing the use of drone photogrammetry as a method for archaeological mapping and documentation.
These drone platforms are part of the wider remote sensing spectrum but occupy their own specific application niche, due to their unique capabilities in terms of sensor deployment, operational flexibility, and the acquisition of (extremely) high-resolution data. Despite their potential having been showcased frequently in different studies (Lang et al 2016), and the fact that small drones already become a common instrument in the field archaeologists’ toolbox, much remains to be explored.
Numerous novel sensors have recently become feasible for deployment on drones, including (but not limited to) hyperspectral cameras, thermal sensors, single- and multibeam echosounders, ground-penetrating radars, and magnetometers. While some examples of their application in archaeology exist (Casana and Ferwerda 2024, Linck et al 2025, Stele et al 2023, Waagen et al 2022), their use remains underexplored, and systematic, ground-truthed case studies are needed to evaluate their effectiveness for archaeological UAV-based remote sensing.
Furthermore, for both state-of-the-art and more common sensor types, the factors which play a role in determining the visibility of archaeological features in the survey results (such as soil properties, seasonality, moisture conditions, and drone survey parameters) are still only partially understood. In this respect, the field of drone-based remote sensing in archaeology would greatly benefit from a stronger focus on explainability: not only showcasing where features become visible, but also critically examining why they only appear under certain conditions, while remaining invisible in other circumstances.
At the same time, the application of drone remote sensing beyond photogrammetry as a tool in different archaeological contexts, such as excavations (Waagen and van Hilst 2025), is only starting to appear, and great benefit can be expected from the integration of AI/ML-supported methodologies for the collection and analysis of extremely high-resolution and multi-modal datasets.
However, apart from technological innovation, the field of drone applications has yet to mature in other aspects; two examples are the development of well-considered integrative and multidisciplinary approaches within broader landscape archaeological research, and the development of FAIR documentation of operational procedures and data analysis workflows (cf. Lozić & Štular 2021).
In this session, we welcome contributions that showcase and evaluate novel developments with regards, but not exclusive, to:
* Modalities and scales of drone deployment
* Comparative sensor performance studies in different environments
* FAIR documentation workflows/procedures
* Advanced drone sensor applications, e.g. hyperspectral, thermal, LiDAR, magnetometry, GPR, etc.
* Application contexts, e.g. remote sensing over excavations
* Workflows and analytical procedures, incl. AI/ML approaches
* Integrative multidisciplinary approaches, e.g. drone remote sensing in combination with soil analyses/vegetation studies
In addition to presentations showcasing case studies and workflows related to drones, we also welcome papers on other types of autonomous vehicles dealing with these issues.
#### **_Reference_** s
Casana, J., & Ferwerda, C. (2024). Drone-Acquired Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) imagery in Landscape Archaeology: an Experimental approach. _Remote Sensing_ , _16_(10), 1671. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101671
Lang, M., Behrens, T., Schmidt, K., Svoboda, D., & Schmidt, C. (2016). A fully integrated UAV system for semi-automated archaeological prospection. In S. Campana, R. Scopigno, G. Carpentiero, & M. Cirillo (Eds.), _CAA2015, keep the revolution going: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology_ (pp. 989-996). Archaeopress.
Linck, R., Kale, M., Stele, A., & Schlechtriem, J. (2025). Testing the applicability of Drone-Based Ground-Penetrating Radar for archaeological prospection. _Remote Sensing_ , _17_(9), 1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091498
Lozić, E. & Štular. (2021). Documentation of Archaeology-Specific Workflow for Airborne LiDAR Data Processing. _Geosciences_. 11. 26. 10.3390/geosciences11010026.
Stele, A., Kaub, L., Linck, R., Schikorra, M., & Fassbinder, J. W. (2023). Drone-based magnetometer prospection for archaeology. _Journal of Archaeological Science_ , _158_ , 105818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2023.105818
Waagen, J., Sánchez, J. G., Van Der Heiden, M., Kuiters, A., & Lulof, P. (2022). In the Heat of the Night: Comparative Assessment of Drone Thermography at the Archaeological Sites of Acquarossa, Italy, and Siegerswoude, The Netherlands. _Drones_ , _6_(7), 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6070165
Waagen, J., & Van Hilst, A. (2025). Drones over excavations – Enhancing the archaeologist’s eyes. An empirical case study into the deployment of UAS remote sensing as a research tool for archaeological excavation, in Veldhoven, the Netherlands. _Journal of Archaeological Science Reports_ , _62_ , 105043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105043
**S27:**Digital Communities: Collaborative Archaeologies, Shared Authority, and Community-Led Technologies****
**Session Organisers:**
_Erica Maria Antoinette Van Vugt_ , University of Calgary
_Zoe Cascadden Jassal,_ University of Calgary
_Madisen Hvidberg,_ University of Calgary
_Josephine Hagan,_ University of Otago
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
As digital tools and platforms become increasingly embedded in archaeological practice, they are reshaping not only how data is produced and disseminated, but also _who_ gets to participate in those processes, and on what terms. At the same time, the decolonization of research paradigms and community-driven methodologies is expanding the field beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries. Community members, whether Indigenous Nations, local stewards, diaspora populations, or grassroots collectives, are claiming greater authority over their own heritage, memory, and material pasts. But while there is significant progress, much work remains to ensure that digital archaeological practices are not extractive, technocratic, or reproducing colonial patterns of control.
This session invites researchers, practitioners, and community partners engaging in **digital community archaeology** to share experiences, critical reflections, and visions for the future. We seek contributions that explore how digital technologies, such as GIS, 3D modelling, digital storytelling, data infrastructures, and online repositories, can support _ethical, collaborative, and community-centred research_. Of special interest are papers focused on work with Indigenous and disenfranchised communities around the world, but we emphasize that “community” is not a singular or static category.
A key starting point for this session is the recognition that imperial frameworks have historically structured archaeological authority. As Silliman (2006) noted, archaeology often assumes that disciplinary expertise confers the sole right to interpret and control the material past, particularly with Indigenous belongings, sites, and narratives. This authority, grounded in Western academic training, often ignores or devalues other ways of knowing, especially those rooted in cultural, ancestral, or lived experience. In response, Indigenous archaeologies emerged to assert that Indigenous peoples have both the right and the knowledge to interpret and care for their own histories, lands, and cultural heritage (see Haakanson 2010; Simons et al. 2021; Supernant 2018; Yellowhown 2006 for example).
Indigenous archaeology is research conducted _with, for, and by_ Indigenous people (Atalay 2006:283). It recognizes Indigenous ownership over land, heritage, and representation, and it prioritizes multivocality, relationality, and the incorporation of Indigenous worldviews (Lyons 2016; Sillar 2013). Digital tools can amplify these goals when used in respectful, community-guided ways, but they can also risk flattening or misrepresenting Indigenous perspectives if deployed without care.
Community archaeology overlaps with, but is not synonymous with, Indigenous archaeology. Typically defined as research-driven or led by the community, sometimes referred to as “archaeology from below” or “grassroots archaeology” (Marshall 2002; Londoño 2021). While community archaeology shares approaches similar to those in Indigenous-led work, its epistemological grounding may differ, particularly when the community in question is not Indigenous. Methods such as co-creation, shared authority, and transparent communication must be attuned to the specific histories, politics, and aspirations of each community (Lassiter 2005).
Decolonizing archaeology intersects with both, while maintaining its own focus: the critical interrogation of archaeology’s entanglement with colonialism, modernity, and systemic inequity (Londoño 2021). However, it is not a single set of methods or a checklist—it is an ongoing political and relational commitment (Quinless 2022; Wilson 2008). When digital methods are folded into decolonizing work, questions of infrastructure, access, representation, and data sovereignty become especially urgent.
This session offers space to reflect on these intersecting frameworks through the lens of digital practice. How can digital tools be made to serve community needs, rather than institutional ones? What tensions arise when integrating digital platforms with non-Western knowledge systems? How are authority, authorship, and access negotiated in collaborative digital projects? And what new forms of connection, resistance, or care might emerge when communities use digital technologies to tell their own stories?
We particularly welcome contributions that address:
* Community-led or co-designed digital heritage projects
* Indigenous or grassroots uses of digital technology in heritage or research contexts
* Collaborative mapping, modelling, or digital storytelling
* Ethics of access, data sovereignty, and long-term stewardship
* Digital return, repatriation, and re-connection with heritage
* Pedagogies and training models for community-engaged digital archaeology
* Theoretical reflections on authority, knowledge production, and decolonization
* Institutional and structural challenges to doing this work sustainably
This session aims to foster dialogue across regions, research traditions, and community contexts. It is open to scholars, students, community members, and practitioners from any disciplinary background. Our goal is to bring together diverse voices and experiences that speak to the potential and the complexity of building _digital communities_ in archaeology.
#### **_Reference_** s
Atalay, S. (2006). “Indigenous Archaeology as Decolonizing Practice.” _American Indian Quarterly_ , 30(3/4), 280–310.
Atalay, S. (2008). “Multivocality and Indigenous Archaeologies.” In _Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress_ , 4(3), 328–349.
Haakanson, S. (2010). “Written Voices Become History.” In: Nicholas, G.P. (ed) _Being and Becoming Indigenous Archaeologists_. California: Left Coast Press, pp.116-120.
Lassiter, L. E. (2005). “Collaborative Ethnography and Public Anthropology”. _Current Anthropology_ 46(1), 83–106.
Londoño, S. (2021). “Decolonizing Archaeology: What Does It Mean and How Can We Do It?” _Journal of Anthropological Research_ , 77(3), 385–405.
Lyons, N. (2016). “Where the Wind Blows Us: Practicing Critical Community Archaeology in the North.” Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Marshall, Y. (2002). “What is Community Archaeology?” _World Archaeology_ , 34(2), 211–219.
Quinless, J.M. (2022). “Decolonizing Data: Unsettleing Conversations about Social Research Methods”. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Sillar, B. (2013). “The Social Agency of Things? Animism and Materiality in the Andes.” _Cambridge Archaeological Journal_ , 23(1), 67–84.
Silliman, S. (2006). “Indigenous Archaeologies as Decolonizing Practice.” _American Indian Quarterly_ , 30(3/4), 1–27.
Simons, E., A. Martindale, and A. Wylie. (2021). “Bearing Witness: What Can Archaeology Contribute in an Indian Residential School Context?” In: Meloche, C., Nichols, K., and Sparke, L. (eds) _Working with and for Ancestors: Collaboration in the Care and Study of Ancestral Remains_ , New York: Routledge, pp. 21–31.
Supernant, K. (2018). “Reconciling the Past for the Future: The Next 50 Years of Canadian Archaeology in the Post-TRC Era”. _Canadian Journal of Archaeology_ 42(1), 144–153.
Wilson, Shawn. (2008). “Research Is Ceremony: Indigenous Research Methods”. Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing.
Yellowhorn, E. (2006). “The Awakening of Internalist Archaeology in the Aboriginal World.”. In: Williamson, R.F. and Bisson, M.S. (eds.) _Archaeology of Bruce Trigger: Theoretical Empiricism_. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 194-209.
**S28:**From Systems to Standards – and Standards to Systems: How Field-Testing Shapes International Archaeological Data Frameworks (including CIDOC CRM)****
**Session Organisers:
**
_Jane Jansen_ , National Historical Museums, Intrasis, Arkeologerna
_Stephen Stead_ , Paveprime Ltd
_Chiara Girotto,_ Anthro-Lab (Labor für prähistorische Anthropologie)
****
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
In the evolving landscape of digital archaeology, certain fieldwork recording methods have emerged as “quasi-standards” not through top-down mandates, but through widespread adoption and practical refinement in commercial contexts. This session brings together leading providers of digital archaeological solutions and academics to explore how field-tested approaches are crystallizing into de facto standards that advance both commercial practice and academic research.
Drawing on the conference theme _“It’s All About People,”_ this session examines how daily interactions between archaeologists and digital tools shape standardization from the ground up. We explore how platforms, through extensive deployment across diverse commercial projects, have become laboratories for developing robust, internationally applicable recording standards. These systems, refined through thousands of hours of real-world use, offer crucial insights for initiatives like **CRMarchaeo, the CIDOC CRM conceptual framework,** and the broader push toward FAIR data principles in archaeology.
Building on last year’s FAIRification discussions, we examine the critical phase between initial implementation and established practice. Commercial archaeology operates at the intersection of regulatory compliance, scientific rigor, and practical efficiency—a unique position that has made it an unexpected but powerful driver of methodological standardization. Through examining case study implementations across multiple countries and project types, this session demonstrates how “testing through use” produces solutions that not only allow **systems to grow into standards** but also enable **existing standards to inform and shape system design** —a reciprocal process that benefits the entire archaeological community.
**Four interconnected themes structure our discussion:**
1. **From Systems to Standards – and Standards to Systems:** We examine how repeated use patterns across hundreds of commercial projects naturally converge toward common recording practices, while also exploring how formal standards provide guidance for system design and implementation. These organic standards, born from practical necessity merged with academic rigor and a desire to record and preserve maximum data in the most time-efficient and economic manner, often prove extremely robust and adaptable.
2. **Internationalization and Interoperability:** Commercial projects frequently cross borders, requiring systems that accommodate diverse regulatory frameworks, languages, and archaeological traditions. We explore how platforms initially designed for specific national contexts have evolved to support international collaboration, creating bridges between different archaeological traditions while maintaining local compliance requirements. This evolution directly supports CRMarchaeo and **CIDOC CRM** objectives for harmonized digital infrastructures across Europe and beyond.
3. **FAIR Data as Commercial and Academic Asset:** We explore how FAIR data principles, when embedded in recording systems, create value chains extending far beyond individual projects. Case studies demonstrate how data collected for development-led archaeology, when properly structured and documented, becomes invaluable for academic research, regional syntheses, and heritage management.
4. **CIDOC CRM:** A dedicated segment introduces participants to the **CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM)** and its archaeological extension CRMarchaeo. This component demonstrates how CIDOC CRM aligns with existing commercial recording frameworks and provides pathways for mapping field data into CRM-based structures. Attendees will gain practical insights into how CIDOC CRM can bridge diverse datasets, enhance interoperability, and strengthen the long-term scholarly and heritage value of archaeological records.
Rather than viewing standardization as a technical challenge, we frame it as a fundamentally human process—shaped by user needs, refined through feedback, and validated through practical application. The session highlights how commercial archaeology serves as a crucial testing ground where theoretical approaches meet practical realities, demonstrating that the boundaries between commercial and academic data generation are increasingly blurred and mutually beneficial. The session combines presentations with interactive demonstrations and structured discussion, allowing participants to explore real datasets and examine how standardized recording enhances research possibilities while meeting commercial project requirements. We conclude with a moderated panel discussion on future directions for bottom-up standardization and the role of practical experience in shaping international archaeological data standards.
**S29: AI Across the Heritage Pipeline: From Algorithms through Fieldwork to Deliverables**
**Session Organisers:**
_Katherine Crawford_ , Chronicle Heritage
_Tom Fitton_ , Chronicle Heritage
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are increasingly becoming core components in various subfields of archaeology, with potential applications in desk-based assessments, remote sensing, field recording, and 3D modelling (e.g. Landauer et al. 2025; Stoean et al. 2024; Küçükdemirci and Sarris 2022). Many of these applications remain disconnected, however, with limited awareness across given stakeholders of how these processes are applied and regulated (Gattiglia 2025; Griffin et al. 2024).
This session seeks to couple innovative use-cases of AI and ML with methodological rigor across the fields of archaeology, heritage studies, and cultural resource management. We intend to stimulate conversation and engagement on how we might consolidate best practices for AI/ML in archaeology by linking algorithmic/model innovation to measurable outcomes and transparent governance, advancing research applications that are scientifically robust, ethically responsible, and directly applicable to heritage management practices. We seek contributions that present new models, architecture, or evaluation frameworks, as well as papers that demonstrate how these methods can be embedded within end-to-end workflows and communicated to end-user audiences (Klein et al. 2025).
Recognizing that CRM and cultural heritage projects often rely on proprietary or sensitive datasets, we place particular emphasis on governance and reproducibility under contractual and confidentiality constraints. Developing guidelines and legislation such as the EU Artificial Intelligence Act are likely to result in archives and clients requiring transparent documentation, model disclosure, and reproducible evaluation. We especially welcome contributions that translate these requirements into pragmatic workflows.
**Topics of interest:**
* Scalable site/feature detection from LiDAR and optical imagery, optimizing false positives triage and ground truthing workflows.
* Multimodal fusions (e.g. LiDAR, historic maps, GIS layers) for improved detection and interpretation.
* Application of models for condition monitoring and compliance, from change detection to action thresholds.
* End-to-end AI pipelines including data acquisition, modelling, and client deliverables.
* Challenges or limitations of current AI tools within cultural heritage
* Governance for proprietary/sensitive data
#### _Reference_ s
_Artificial Intelligence Act_. EU Artificial Intelligence Act. Accessed August 20, 2025. https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/.
Gattiglia, Gabriele. 2025. “Managing Artificial Intelligence in Archeology. An Overview.” _Journal of Cultural Heritage_ 71: 225–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.11.020.
Griffin, Gabriele, Elisabeth Wennerström, and Anna Foka. 2024. “AI and Swedish Heritage Organisations: Challenges and Opportunities.” _AI & SOCIETY_ 39 (5): 2359–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01689-y.
Klein, Kevin, et al. 2025. “An AI-Assisted Workflow for Object Detection and Data Collection from Archaeological Catalogues.” _Journal of Archaeological Science_ 179: 106244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2025.106244.
Landauer, Jürgen, Simon Maddison, Giacomo Fontana, and Axel G. Posluschny. 2025. “Archaeological Site Detection: Latest Results from a Deep Learning Based Europe Wide Hillfort Search.” _Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology_ 8 (1): 42–58. https://doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.178.
Küçükdemirci, Melda, and Apostolos Sarris. 2022. “GPR Data Processing and Interpretation Based on Artificial Intelligence Approaches: Future Perspectives for Archaeological Prospection” _Remote Sensing_ 14, no. 14: 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143377
Stoean, Ruxandra, Nebojsa Bacanin, Catalin Stoean, and Leonard Ionescu. 2024. “Bridging the Past and Present: AI-Driven 3D Restoration of Degraded Artefacts for Museum Digital Display.” _Journal of Cultural Heritage_ 69: 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.07.008.
**S30: Unstoppable Vision, Immovable Practice: An Adversarial Debate on Linked Open Dreams and the Reality of Archaeological Data Collection**
**Session Organisers:**
_Fabian Riebschläger_ , German Archaeological Institute
_Helmut Schwaiger,_ Austrian Archaeological Institute
_Lisa Steinmann_ , German Archaeological Institute
_Brigitte Danthine_ , Austrian Archaeological Institute
**Session Format:** Other
### **_Description_**
‘ _Adversity is the first path to truth.’ (Lord Byron)_
This year marks a quarter century since the publication of Tim Berners-Lee’s influential vision of “The Semantic Web”¹. Humanity’s relationship to the internet has changed drastically since 2001, but especially in data-based research, few visions have remained as mesmerising and as promising as that of the Semantic Web. The paradigm of semantic data, together with related concepts such as knowledge graphs, Linked Open Data (LOD), ontologies and authority files / controlled vocabularies has produced a wealth of research and implementation work over more than two decades.
This vision of the Semantic Web has also swept across archaeology, a discipline which has a keen interest in making sense of complex, often incomplete or even subjective data that is, sometimes obviously sometimes subtly, linked conceptually and contextually, yet produced under highly varied research designs and data-collection practices.
However, the perceivable impact of all these semantic investments remains surprisingly small in everyday archaeological practice, which continues to be dominated by simple tabular and other conventional data structures. Moreover, recent advances in AI have suggested that general-purpose, data-driven methods often outperform carefully engineered knowledge systems—a ‘bitter lesson’ articulated by Richard Sutton (2019)².
This session attempts a critical reappraisal of the ‘semantic vision’ in archaeology, its current state and potential future. For this purpose, we invite contributions from two ‘opposing camps‘: those who showcase why semantic approaches should shape the future practice and those who argue why traditional data structures continue (and perhaps should continue) to dominate data production and analysis. Contributions may focus on theoretical or practical aspects, on merits or shortcomings of both ‚camps‘, or any mixture thereof.
In this way, the session will address a number of key questions and issues, including:
* Why are the promises of semantic data so important to archaeologists, and which of them, have been fulfilled so far?
* How accessible and maintainable are semantic approaches in practice?
* When is the cost of semantic data modelling justified by demonstrable gains?
* How does everyday field work and data collection (capture?) need to change to accommodate, incorporate, or be driven by semantic approaches?
* Is the semantic paradigm outdated in the age of AI? Do we need a specific machine-language, if the machines now understand our language?
* What are the reasons for the success and longevity of non-semantic approaches?
* What are the reasons for the success and lasting popularity of semantic approaches?
* What core strengths of non-semantic data might be threatened if semantic approaches become prevalent?
* Are there visions for complementary roles or hybrid workflows between statistical/ML methods and explicit knowledge representation: Do efficient ways exist to reconcile semantic approaches with conventional data structures without adding redundant workload?
As the title suggests, the session has been designed to be adversarial in nature, based on the assumption that ‘you cannot have your cake and eat it, too’: given the high investment in different skills and infrastructures necessary to make use of both approaches and their radically different nature, a parallel approach with redundant data collecting and provisioning practices in both semantic and traditional data models seems not feasible. Or could we envision a way to reconcile the differences without creating inefficient redundancies and thus, have our cake and eat it, after all?
With this in mind, the session is intended to provide a forum for robust yet fair arguments and a lively debate, grounded in the realities of limited funding, (un)realistic demands made of archaeologists’ skill sets, and the need for clear and practical research directives in the (next) coming age of austerity in academia. To ensure a rich and representative debate, we explicitly encourage contributions from early-career scholars, colleagues from geographically and institutionally under-represented regions, and researchers working outside of traditional academic networks. Our goal is to provide the space for constructive discussions among a diverse group of people and perspectives, reflecting the wide spectrum of archaeological research and researchers.
### **_Other Format Description_**
We wish to include lectures and debate: Our vision would be two have two “adversarial lectures” based on actual project experience followed by a debate slot of ca. 10-15 minutes. This way we can discuss the pros and cons as evident from the experience of researchers at all career stages and from varied institutional and geographical backgrounds and from project results as well as everyday archaeological practice. It is important for the concept of this session to be able to integrate contrary perspectives and thus identify common ground or irreconcilable differences via these debate slots.
#### _Reference_ s
1 Berners-Lee, T., Hendler, J. and Lassila, O. (2001) ‘The Semantic Web’, Scientific American, May, pp. 29–37.
2 Sutton, R.S. (2019) The Bitter Lesson. Available at: http://www.incompleteideas.net/IncIdeas/BitterLesson.html (Accessed: 28 August 2025).
**S31: Computational Archaeology Revisited: Building Bridges with Mathematics and Computer Science**
**Session Organisers:**
_Eythan Levy_ , University of Zurich
_Martin Hinz_ , Kiel University
**Session Format:** Other
### **_Description_**
The official mission statement of CAA states:
“Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA) is an international organization _bringing together archaeologists, mathematicians, and computer scientists_. Its mission is to encourage and facilitate dialogue between these disciplines, to provide an overview of the present state of the discipline, and to stimulate discussion to progress the field.” (emphasis ours)
Yet, in practice, mathematicians and computer scientists are still under-represented, and most contributions come from archaeologists as end-users rather than as co-developers of new methods. In the early days of computational archaeology, cross-disciplinary collaboration was more common. Especially in the seventies, the pioneering work of the 1970 Anglo-Romanian Conference on Mathematics in the Archaeological and Historical Sciences conference (Hodson, Kendall and Tautu 1971) brought together a whole array of mathematicians proposing concrete mathematical and computational solutions to archaeological problems. This period also saw the publication of the seminal work of Doran and Hodson on Mathematics and Computers in Archaeology (1975), which embodied the state-of-the art of computational/quantitative archaeology of the time — producing techniques such as seriation algorithms that remain influential today.
Since then, there have been notable breakthroughs, such as Bayesian approaches to radiocarbon dating (Buck et al. 1991; Bronk Ramsey 2009), the application of spatial point process models to settlement patterns, and the adaptation of phylogenetic and network-theoretical methods to study cultural transmission. Yet overall, the field has leaned more towards ready-made tools (GIS, network analysis, semantic modelling, AI applications) than to the joint development of novel mathematical or algorithmic frameworks.
This session aims to reinvigorate that dialogue. Our vision is a CAA that not only showcases applications but also nurtures collaborations where new mathematical models and computational techniques are developed for and with archaeology.
The intended round table would feature the following parts:
1. General introduction and problem statement (Levy and Hinz).
2. Short interventions by mathematicians, computer scientists, and archaeologists. Mathematicians and computer scientists would present techniques of their choice, which they feel might be of use for archaeology. The intention is, for the archaeological community, to discover techniques they might not be aware of, and which might have significant impact on future quantitative archaeological research. Archaeologists are also invited to present open problem statements: concrete case studies for which they failed to find practical quantitative or algorithmic solutions among the standard toolkits. Each intervention would consist of a short presentation, followed by a longer discussion with the audience.
3. Brainstorming part. General discussion, hoping to find convergences between the exposed archaeological needs and available computational techniques presented.
We invite colleagues from all three disciplines to participate actively, especially in presenting open problems or potential solutions. Colleagues wishing to present either a mathematical/computational technique of their choice, or an open problem, are invited to submit an abstract to the session via the conference’s standard abstract submission system.
Eythan Levy ([email protected])
Martin Hinz ([email protected])
### **_Other Format Description_**
The intended round table would feature the following parts:
1. General introduction and problem statement (Levy and Hinz).
2. Short interventions by mathematicians, computer scientists, and archaeologists. Mathematicians and computer scientists would present techniques of their choice, which they feel might be of use for archaeology. The intention is, for the archaeological community, to discover techniques they might not be aware of, and which might have significant impact on future quantitative archaeological research. Archaeologists are also invited to present open problem statements: concrete case studies for which they failed to find practical quantitative or algorithmic solutions among the standard toolkits. Each intervention would consist of a short presentation, followed by a longer discussion with the audience.
Brainstorming part.
3. General discussion, hoping to find convergences between the exposed archaeological needs and available computational techniques presented.
#### _Reference_ s
Bronk Ramsey, C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. _Radiocarbon_ 51(1): 337–360.
Buck C.E., Kenworthy J.B., Litton C.D., Smith A.F.M. 1991. Combining archaeological and radiocarbon information: a Bayesian approach to calibration. _Antiquity_ 65(249):808–21.
Doran, J. E., Hodson, F. R. 1975. _Mathematics and Computers in Archaeology_. Edinburgh University Press.
Hodson, F.R., Kendall, D. G., Tautu, P. (eds). 1971. _Mathematics in the Archaeological and Historical Sciences. Proceedings of the Anglo-Romanian Conference, Mamaia, 1970_. Aldine-Atherton, Inc., Chicago.
**S32: Replay: Computational Heritage of Games**
**Session Organisers:**
_Summer Courts,_ University of Reading (chair)
_Walter Crist III_ , Leiden University (chair)
_Tim Penn_ , University of Reading (chair)
_Barbara Care_ , University of Lausanne (chair)
_Branislav Kovar_ , Slovak Academy of Science
_Dorina Moullou_ , Hellenic Ministry of Culture / Hellenic Open University
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Computational approaches are transforming the way we understand and preserve cultural heritage. One emerging—and presently underexplored—area is the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and other computational methods to traditional games. Traditional games—particularly board games—offer a unique window into the past, reflecting social norms, values, and behaviours that are at risk of being lost due to their intangible nature. The rules, playing contexts, and embodied practices often remain undocumented or only partially preserved.
Though existing studies (Crist et al. 2024; Browne 2023; Donkers et al. 2000) have made strong opening moves, the field is still in its early game. Much of the board remains unexplored, with significant potential for computational methods to advance our understanding). This session—organized by the COST Action (CA22145) Computational Techniques for Tabletop Games Heritage (“GameTable”)—aims to expand on the themes of our upcoming special issue in JOCCH (_Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage_). This session will explore the reconstruction and preservation of traditional games, viewing them not merely as leisure activities but as rich cultural artifacts and historical narratives that are vital for a deeper understanding of human societies. By integrating perspectives from archaeology, artificial intelligence, and cultural studies, this session will allow us to **“** replay**”** the past and begin writing the playbook for how computational methods can help illuminate the playability, strategies, and social functions of traditional board games.
**Topics for Discussion:**
This session invites papers and presentations addressing a broad range of themes related to computational approaches to games heritage, including but not limited to:
**Computational reconstruction of traditional games:** Using methods such as procedural content generation, human-in-the-loop AI, and human-like AI to infer or rebuild game mechanics and rule sets.
**Machine learning for game identification:** Applying techniques such as text mining or gameplay metric analysis to identify, classify, or interpret trad**i** tional games.
**Simulating traditional games:** Developing digital implementations and/or tailored, explainable AI agents to simulate how games may have been played.
**Analysis of digitised traditional games:** Exploring gameplay data and strategy detection to better understand player behaviour and game design.
**Mathematical and statistical modelling:** Creating formal models of gameplay, game balance, or player strategies based on historical data.
**Computer vision applications:** Applying image analysis to recognize, reconstruct, or interpret physical components of games from archaeological or archival materials.
**3D modelling of game artifacts:** Generating accurate digital representations of historical gaming objects for research, preservation, or display.
**Educational and heritage engagement:** Exploring how reconstructed games can support education, public engagement, or digital storytelling in heritage contexts.
**Digital documentation of gaming materials:** Using computational tools to support the archaeological recording and interpretation of game-related artifacts.
#### _Reference_ s
Browne, Cameron. 2023. “Which rules for mu torere?” In C. Browne et al. (eds.): _CG 2022_ , LNCS 13865, pp. 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34017-8_10
Crist, Walter, Éric Piette, Dennis J. N. J. Soemers, Matthew Stephenson, and Cameron Browne. 2024. “Computational Approaches for Recognising and Reconstructing Ancient Games: The Case of Ludus Latrunculorum.” In Games in the Ancient World: Places, Spaces, Accessories, edited by A. Pace, T. Penn and U. Schädler, 63-79. Montagnac, France: Éditions Monique Mergoil.
Donkers, Jeroen, Alex de Voogt, and Jos Uiterwijk. 2000. “Human versus Machine Problem Solving: Winning Openings in Dakon.” _Board Game Studies3:_ 79–88.
**S33: Generative AI, Text Mining, and Semantic Modelling: Using Big Models for Big Problems, FAIRly!**
**Session Organisers:**
_Alphaeus Lien-Talks_ , Historic Royal Palaces
_Florian Thiery,_ Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie (LEIZA), Mainz, Germany & Research Squirrel Engineers Network, [email protected]
**Session Format:** Standard (talks + closing discussion)
Presentations can be about the following, rather than answering all aspects.
### **_Description_**
AI and ML are transforming archaeological research and heritage data work. This session highlights practical approaches for leveraging Generative AI, text mining [1], and semantic modelling/reasoning (e.g., CIDOC CRM/CRMarchaeo, RDF/LOD, SKOS thesauri, Wikidata) [2] to ensure that extraction, linking, validation, semantic reasoning, and reuse are schema-aware, explainable, and FAIR [3&4]. We want to highlight pipelines where knowledge graphs guide and constrain AI, and where semantic reasoning (rules, constraints, and logical inference) improves accuracy, transparency, and downstream interoperability [3,5]. This session aims for standard talks (research papers) and Lightning Talks (small on-going projects, scripts like little minions, etc.); please indicate what you want to present.
We particularly welcome papers from early researchers or from underrepresented communities.
**Rationale and Scope**
AI and ML, especially Large Language Models and semantic reasoning, are rapidly reshaping archaeological research and heritage data work. Beyond the hype, we need evidence on when these systems help, when they harm, and how to make their outputs reusable and trustworthy. This session brings together:
* **Generative AI & Text Mining** (LLMs, IR, NER, OCR pipelines, prompt design, non-determinism), including graph-backed retrieval to ground prompts [1,6];
* **Semantic Modelling/Reasoning** (ontologies, knowledge graphs, entity linking, ontology alignment, SHACL validation) [2,3,5]; and
* **FAIR Using AI** (automated metadata extraction, FAIRification workflows, provenance, licensing, stewardship, reproducibility) [1,4].
Contributions should show how semantic models plug into AI methods end-to-end, e.g., graph-backed retrieval for prompts, ontology-aware IE, constraint-based post-processing, and inference over time/space, to deliver robust, reusable results [5&6].
**Topics of Interest (include but are not limited to)**
* GenAI for text generation, coding assistance, summarisation, translation, and data wrangling in archaeology.
* Information extraction from grey literature, reports, registers, and multimedia; OCR post-processing and layout-aware parsing.
* Semantic modelling & knowledge organisation: ontology design/extension (e.g., CIDOC CRM/CRMarchaeo), cross-walks, SKOS concept schemes and thesauri (e.g., AAT, FISH, PeriodO), knowledge graph construction; entity resolution across HERs, museums, archives, and research datasets; **semantic reasoning approaches and constraint validation** [2,3,5].
* Graph-augmented AI: SPARQL/graph retrieval (RAG) feeding LLM prompts; ontology-aware IE using preferred/altLabels and multilingual synonyms; mapping and reconciliation to CRM properties/classes; linking to Wikidata [6].
* Validation and reasoning in the loop: **SHACL/SHEX for constraint checking and repair; OWL reasoning for consistency and entailment; rule-based reasoning** (SWRL/SHACL-Rules/SHACL-SPARQL) for temporal, spatial, and part-of relations; handling uncertainty and confidence propagation [5].
* FAIR with AI: automated metadata capture; FAIR assessments; PIDs; packaging and documentation; model cards and data cards for archaeological AI [1,4].
**What We Ask from Contributors**
* Transparent evaluation (report datasets, baselines, confidence/uncertainty, and error analysis):
* IE/NER/classification: precision/recall/F1.
* IR: top-k, nDCG.
* Entity linking: accuracy/F1, ambiguity cases.
* Ontology alignment: precision/recall/F1 on correspondences, mapping coverage, error types.
* Reasoning/validation: consistency checks (pre/post), SHACL coverage (% shapes satisfied) and violation rates; competency questions via SPARQL (pass rate); entailment precision/recall on gold inference sets.
* FAIR: metadata completeness, PID coverage, provenance depth, reproducibility score.
* Reproducibility: share code/models/data where possible. If restricted, provide synthetic examples or detailed protocols; include brief model/data cards and note energy/compute used.
* Pipeline clarity: include a diagram and artefacts (e.g., SHACL shapes, mapping tables, prompt templates, SPARQL queries, and reconciliation rules).
**Intended Outcomes**
* A shared view on when and how AI truly adds value in archaeology.
* Practical checklists for FAIR-by-design workflows (ingestion → triplification → IE/linking → KG-RAG → reasoning/validation → publication) [4-6].
* A starter kit: example **SHACL** shapes, CRM mapping stubs, KG-aware prompt templates, and SPARQL test suites (competency questions) [3,5&6].
* Connections across research, sector bodies, and data services to advance interoperable, ethical, and maintainable solutions.
* Ideas on how semantic reasoning creates new knowledge from unstructured and/or semantically modelled data.
**Accessibility & Ethics**
We encourage accessible presentation materials, plain-language summaries, and disclosures on data sensitivity, cultural considerations, and potential harms. Work with restricted data should outline mitigation strategies (e.g., redaction, differential access). Please state open vs closed-world assumptions and how constraints affect the inclusion/exclusion of sensitive entities [4&5].
**Special Interest Group**
This session is jointly organised by the CAA SIG on Artificial Intelligence and the SIG Data Dragon on Semantics and LO(U)D in Archaeology. The core aim of the SIGs is to utilise the SIG format to raise awareness of AI and Linked Open (Usable) Data in archaeology.
#### References
[1] **Lien-Talks, A**. (2025). Evaluating Natural Language Processing and Named Entity Recognition for Bioarchaeological Data Reuse. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202509.0822.v1
[2]**F. Thiery,** A. W. Mees, K. Tolle, and D. G. Wigg-Wolf, ‘How to handle vagueness and uncertainty in graph-based LOD knowledge modelling? Dealing with archaeological numismatic and ceramological real world data.’, Squirrel Papers, vol. 4, no. 1, p. #2, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7184523.
[3] **ISO 21127:2014.** _Information and documentation — A reference ontology for the interchange of cultural heritage information (CIDOC CRM)._ International Organization for Standardization.
[4] **Wilkinson, M.D.,** Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, I.J., _et al._ (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. _Scientific Data_ 3, 160018. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18
[5] **Knublauch, H. & Kontokostas, D.** (2017). _Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL)._ W3C Recommendation.
[6] **Lewis, P.,** Perez, E., Piktus, A., _et al._ (2020). Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP. _arXiv:2005.11501._
**S34: Modelling Seafaring: Methodological Retrospective and Future Roadmap**
**Session Organisers:**
_David Gal,_ University of Haifa
_Karl Smith_ , University of Oxford
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
This session aims to focus on the methodological realm of modelling seafaring. It solicits the showcasing of modelling experiences, including choice considerations, modifications to existing models, tests conducted, and ideas for the future. The session aims to help identify and prioritise the elements of seafaring modelling and its application, contributing towards the goal of an emerging formalisation of such modelling in future research.
Modelling of historic seafaring is not a new undertaking, and it has become increasingly prevalent in the last decade, supporting maritime connectivity studies. The introduction of methods to model seafaring has primarily been an unorchestrated effort of individual researchers or laboratories. (Perttola & Slayton, 2024, p. 2). Two separate paradigms have emerged in recent years. Most studies have employed GIS cost surface analysis, which is drawn from terrestrial movement modelling tools, with adaptations to maritime modelling. (Alberti, 2018; Leidwanger, 2013; McLean & Rubio-Campillo, 2022; Safadi & Sturt, 2019; Trapero Fernández & Aragón, 2022). Others have drawn methods from the nautical sphere, such as weather-routing software packages. (Gal et al., 2021; Warnking, 2016). The GIS cost surface analysis tools have been pushed to new limits, including batching sequential simulations, to overcome the limitation of static averaged wind data. (Perttola, 2021; Perttola & Slayton, 2024). However, they are not without significant drawbacks, such as the inability to incorporate waves, sea currents, and the human factor in modelling.
The validity of using averaged wind data has been questioned; yet many recent studies remain reluctant to abandon this paradigm. The leading presumption for the use of averaged environment is that it reflects the average of all sailings. (Scheidel et al., 2012), while the presumption of the input of a large sample of wind at high temporal resolutions is that it maintains knowledge of the variability of the winds, and that these constitute the windows of favourable winds, which are key for Mediterranean sailing mobility. Multiple simulation runs on a large sample of non-averaged environmental data facilitate a statistical spread of output measures.
Mariners would pick and choose when conditions suited departure on a sailing passage with favourable winds, and they would be prudent in avoiding severe weather conditions. Such reasoning needs to be implemented in seafaring modelling. The human factor may be introduced to the simulation process through agent-based modelling (Davies & Bickler, 2013; Smith, 2020), or it may be reflected in the classification of simulation output using specific criteria. A question that needs to be debated is whether the modelling should focus on practical mobility (i.e., including the human factor) or whether the potential envelope of maritime mobility can be based solely on modelling the technological capabilities of the vessels.
The topic of model verification is an area where solutions are needed, with the hope of finding a standard benchmark that all modellers can use. The practice of benchmarking against historic textual evidence often lacks the knowledge of whether the reported duration was average or if it might have been a faster or slower passage. In many cases, even the season is unknown.
The topic of model output and units of measure deserves a degree of formalisation in support of sharing data and supporting downstream processes. The output of sailing duration as the single cost measure is limited in representing sailing mobility. Time spent waiting for favourable winds was common, and it is an additional cost factor. The need for a temporal dimension (monthly or seasonal) is worthy of debate.
A more detailed discussion on the methodologies of maritime movement models’ inputs, processes, and outputs is presented by Slayton et al. (2025), and it is recommended reading in preparation for this session.
#### _Reference_ s
Alberti, G. (2018). TRANSIT: a GIS toolbox for estimating the duration of ancient sail-powered navigation. _Cartography and Geographic Information Science_ , _45_(6), 510–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2017.1403376
Davies, B., & Bickler, S. H. (2013). Sailing the Simulated Seas: a New Simulation for Evaluating Prehistoric Seafaring. _Across Space and Time. Papers from the 41st Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. Perth, 25-28 March 2013_ , 215–223. https://www.academia.edu/14836767/Sailing_the_Simulated_Seas_a_New_Simulation_for_Evaluating_Prehistoric_Seafaring
Gal, D., Saaroni, H., & Cvikel, D. (2021). A new method for examining maritime mobility of direct crossings with contrary prevailing winds in the Mediterranean during antiquity. _Journal of Archaeological Science_ , _129_ , 105369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2021.105369
Leidwanger, J. (2013). Modeling distance with time in ancient Mediterranean seafaring: A GIS application for the interpretation of maritime connectivity. _Journal of Archaeological Science_ , _40_(8), 3302–3308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.03.016
McLean, A., & Rubio-Campillo, X. (2022). Beyond Least Cost Paths: Circuit theory, maritime mobility and patterns of urbanism in the Roman Adriatic. _Journal of Archaeological Science_ , _138_ , 105534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2021.105534
Perttola, W. (2021). Digital Navigator on the Seas of the Selden Map of China: Sequential Least-Cost Path Analysis Using Dynamic Wind Data. In _Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory_ (Issue 0123456789). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-021-09534-6
Perttola, W., & Slayton, E. (2024). The Ship Is Laden With Rice and Salt : A Comparison of Two Sailing Models on an Early 17th Century Trade Route Between Java and Sumatra. _Journal of Maritime Archaeology_ , _0123456789_ , 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-024-09419-1
Safadi, C., & Sturt, F. (2019). The warped sea of sailing: Maritime topographies of space and time for the Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean. _Journal of Archaeological Science_ , _103_ , 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.01.001
Scheidel, W., Meeks, E., & Weiland, J. (2012). _ORBIS: The Stanford Geospatial Network Model of the Roman World_. https://orbis.stanford.edu/orbis2012/ORBIS_v1paper_20120501.pdf/
Slayton, E., Jarriel, K., Montenegro, A., & Safadi, C. (2025). Seafaring and Modelling. _Journal of Maritime Archaeology_ , _0123456789_. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-025-09455-5
Smith, K. (2020). _Modelling Seafaring in Iron Age Atlantic Europe: Vol. I_ (Issue November). Oxford.
Trapero Fernández, P., & Aragón, E. (2022). Modelling cabotage. Coastal navigation in the western Mediterranean Sea during the Early Iron Age. _Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports_ , _41_(December 2021), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103270
Warnking, P. (2016). Roman Trade Routes in the Mediterranean Sea: Modeling the Routes and Duration of Ancient Travel with Modern Offshore Regatta Software. In C. Schäfer (Ed.), _Connecting the Ancient World: Mediterranean Shipping, Maritime Networks and Their Impact_ (pp. 45–90). Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH.
**S35: Chronological Modelling III: a Round Table on Time in Computational Archaeology (_round table_)**
Find details here!
**S36: Composed for Success: Making the Most of Chemical Data in Archaeometry**
**Session Organisers:**
_Michaela Schauer_ , Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science (VIAS) of the University of Venna & Natural History Museum Vienna (NHMV)
_Michelle Richards_ , School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne
_Brandon L. Drake_ , Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico
**Session Format:** Standard
###
**_Description_**
Archaeological data from XRF, LIBS, ICP-MS, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy is rapidly increasing as these techniques become more accessible, affordable and portable. However, compared to laboratory instruments, portable non-destructive assays, critical assumptions which underlay quantification and interpretation differ. As archaeologists gather massive amounts of compositional and spectral data from materials like pottery, metals, soils, pigments, and glass, this abundance of data for analysis brings both opportunities and challenges. We discuss how to make this data meaningful, reproducible, and interoperable outside of laboratory contexts.
This session, organized by the Global pXRF Network (GopXRF.Net), invites contributions that explore the methodological, computational, and ethical frontiers of analytical data in chemical analysis in archaeometry. We welcome papers addressing workflows from data collection to interpretation, particularly those that integrate **_Description_ automation, machine learning, AI-based classification**, or **semantic modeling**.
Our goal is to foster an open conversation on the future of chemical data in archaeological context that moves beyond the instrument—toward frameworks that are **computationally robust** , **ethically grounded** , and **collaboratively reproducible**.
**Key themes for the session include:**
**1. AI and Machine Learning**
Applications of supervised and unsupervised learning to characterize materials, detect anomalies, or predict provenance.
Use of spectral fingerprinting and pattern recognition.
**2. Automated Calibration and Standardisation**
Inter-lab comparability and reproducibility.
Advances in data and error handling.
Development of open-source tools and calibration repositories.
**3. Data Management, Semantics, and FAIR & CARE Principles**
Structuring compositional data for long-term accessibility and reuse in data repositories in perpetuity.
Ontologies and metadata standards for chemical data.
First Nations Data sovereignty
Critical perspectives on algorithmic bias and over-interpretation.
**4. Case Studies**
How integrated data approaches enhance understanding of technology, exchange, and provenance.
Studies illustrating the full workflow from field collection to digital publication.
**Audience and Impact:**
This session is aimed at a diverse audience – archaeologists, archaeometrists, data scientists, and heritage professionals – who engage with chemical analysis, data modeling, or AI in archaeology. We hope to bridge gaps between field practitioners and computational modelers by showcasing both grounded case studies and conceptual frameworks.
**Expected Outcomes:**
Foster cross-disciplinary dialogue and community building.
Identify bottlenecks in analytical workflows and share open solutions.
Promote reproducible, ethical, and AI-ready data practices in archaeometry.
Inspire collaboration through GopXRF.Net and related networks.
**Future perspectives:**
We also envision follow-up discussions (virtual or in-person) or the possibility of an open-access proceedings volume or workshop post-conference. The session will be structured to encourage dialogue, including a closing panel discussion.
**S37: Future Sight on Past Landscapes: Vision Foundation Models for Archeological Remote Sensing and Landscape Archaeology**
**Session Organisers:**
_Sohini Mallick_ , Independent Researcher
_Jürgen Landauer,_ Landauer AI Research
_Agnes Schneider_ , Leiden University
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
For the last few decades, advances in artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning and computer vision have enabled new paradigms in the advancement of archaeological remote sensing and landscape archaeology. Recent advances in Vision Foundation Models (VFMs), including ChatGPT, Gemini, SAM, DINOv3, OWL-ViT, Grounding DINO and geospatial-specialized models like Prithvi, AlphaEarth and DeepAndes, are reshaping how we detect and interpret archaeological features from satellite, UAV, and LiDAR. Their ability to generalize across imagery types and perform _zero-shot_ or _few-shot detection and segmentation_ offers new opportunities for landscape archaeology and archaeological remote sensing, where annotated datasets remain scarce.
Building on recent work in archaeology (Abate et al., 2023; Ciccone, 2024; Landauer & Klassen, 2025) and remote sensing AI (Huo et al., 2025; Guo et al., 2025), this session invites applied and critical contributions that assess the potential of VFMs for archaeological feature detection, practical workflows and adaptations, reproducible pipelines, and shared resources. We also welcome reflections on key technical and ethical challenges, including false positives, interpretability, cultural sensitivity, and the risks of automated misrepresentation or misuse, as we collectively explore the role of vision AI in advancing scalable, robust, and responsible archaeological research.
**Topics of Interest include but are not limited to:**
* _Model Application & Evaluation_
We are looking _for_ case studies of using VFMs for detecting archaeological features in satellite, UAV, or LiDAR data. Topics include comparative evaluations of general-purpose and geospatial models, prompt engineering, tiling strategies, terrain classification, anomaly detection, and clustering.
* _Deployment & Field Integration_
We are interested in the integration of VFMs into field workflows through drones, edge devices (e.g., Jetson), and mobile platforms. Especially real-time detection, vision-assisted mapping, and energy-efficient or offline deployments in remote areas Visual Perception Engine
* _Benchmarks, Reproducibility & Tools_
We would like to focus especially on the development of modular pipelines, open-source tools, and well-documented workflows. We are hoping for contributions which address FAIR data practices, benchmark design, annotation formats, and archaeology-specific evaluation metrics such as IoU or false positive rates.
* _Critical Perspectives & Position Papers_
Taking a step forward, we specifically encourage conceptual and technical reflections on adapting Vision Foundation Models for archaeology. Amongst others topics such as the feasibility and value of domain-specific pretraining (e.g., an “ArchaeoVFM”), handling model failure modes such as false positives and hallucinations, and challenges in interpretability for heritage-specific outputs are of interest. Theoretical contributions that explore the epistemological implications of relying on foundation models in archaeological remote sensing and landscape archaeology are strongly welcomed.
* _Community & Collaboration_
On a broader scale, initiatives focused on shared infrastructure, participatory annotation, and interdisciplinary research are very welcome, including open benchmarks, collaborative tools, and frameworks that promote reproducibility and community engagement.
* _Ethical Implications of using Vision Foundation Models in Archaeology_
Lastly but of course not least at all, we are looking for papers which focus on the cultural and ethical responsibilities involved in the application of VFMs to archaeological data. We consider this as an umbrella for the risks of enabling looting,unauthorized site exposure, applying models without contextual knowledge, and/or reinforcing geographic and cultural bias. We encourage contributions which address how to communicate model limitations, uncertainty, and confidence in ways that are transparent and respectful of heritage contexts.
**To support transparency and reproducibility, we ask contributors to:**
* Report evaluation metrics clearly (e.g., precision, recall, IoU, false positive rates)
* Document datasets, preprocessing, and annotation workflows
* Disclose compute infrastructure (e.g., GPU specs, inference/runtime details)
* Communicate uncertainty and model limitations responsibly
* Include pipeline diagrams or summaries when applicable
### Presentation Submission Formats
We welcome **standard talks** of 15 minutes and **lightning talks** of 5 to 10 minutes, highlighting a specific topic, idea or case study. Please indicate your preferred presentation format when submitting.
We **especially encourage** submissions from **early-career researchers and students.**
#### _Reference_ s
Abate, N.; Visone, F.; Sileo, M.; Danese, M.; Minervino Amodio, A.; Lasaponara, R.; Masini, N. 2023. Potential Impact of Using ChatGPT-3.5 in the Theoretical and Practical Multi-Level Approach to Open-Source Remote Sensing Archaeology, Preliminary Considerations. Heritage, 6, 7640-7659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage6120402
Ciccone, G. 2024. ChatGPT as a Digital Assistant for Archaeology: Insights from the Smart Anomaly Detection Assistant Development. Heritage 7: 5428–5445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7100256.
Landauer, J., Klassen, S. 2025. Visual Foundation Models for Archaeological Remote Sensing: A Zero-Shot Approach, MDPI Geomatics, forthcoming. Preprint available at https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202508.0379/v1
Huo, C.; Chen, K.; Zhang, S.; Wang, Z.; Yan, H.; Shen, J.; Hong, Y.; Qi, G.; Fang, H.; Wang, Z. When Remote Sensing Meets Foundation Model: A Survey and Beyond. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17020179
Guo, J., Zimmer-Dauphinee, J., Nieusma, J.M., Lu, S., Liu, Q., Deng, R., Cui, C., Yue, J., Lin, Y., Yao, T., Xiong, J., Zhu, J., Qu, C., Yang, Y., Wilkes, M., Wang, X., VanValkenburgh, P., Wernke, S.A., & Huo, Y. (2025). DeepAndes: A Self-Supervised Vision Foundation Model for Multi-Spectral Remote Sensing Imagery of the Andes. Arxiv, DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2504.20303.
**S38: End-to-End Reusable Archaeological Data Workflows: Spotlight on the Demonstrator Model**
**Session Organisers:**
_Emilie Page-Perron_ , Archaeology Data Service / ARIADNE
_Marco Callieri,_ National Research Council of Italy / ARIADNE
_Julian Richards_ , Archaeology Data Service / ARIADNE
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
The FAIR principles have become one of the primary objectives in data production for archaeological projects: being able to produce data that serves more than the project’s immediate purpose, long after the project’s completion, has proven their importance in the field. However, achieving FAIR status for a single project’s data cannot be the end. Even if the result of some spot actions fulfils the four FAIR principles, too often the project effort, in terms of methodology and workflow, remains an isolated process, non-replicable and too cumbersome.
Providing access to individual datasets and tools in isolation from each other is insufficient, and sustainable and standardised workflows, relying on dedicated tools and infrastructures, can address this issue, facilitating the establishment of a **FAIR-by-design** strategy for research projects. Researchers should be able to shape a project’s data flow and management from the very beginning of a project, using these workflows, ensuring the data aspect of their results is FAIR without the need for custom, cumbersome one-shot solutions.
Such workflows are now being developed, albeit not systematically. As the field builds knowledge around the development and maintenance of sustainable research workflows, we have learned that the ideal scenario includes the elaboration of **demonstrators** , an essential component of FAIR research workflows. In this, communities play a key role; the technologies are available, but people are essential to ensure their take up. Our session therefore addresses the CAA2026 conference theme head-on.
Research infrastructures provide important pillars of the community landscape. Advancing FronTier Research In the Arts and hUManities (ATRIUM, https://atrium-research.eu/) is a four-year European project that connects the digital infrastructures ARIADNE, DARIAH, CLARIN, and OPERAS, highlighting the composability of services to provide concrete solutions for both data management and workflow reusability challenges in Archaeology. Its thirty constituent partners endeavour, among other objectives, to prepare research workflows and associated demonstrators for the major usual computational research tasks on text, image, 3D, sound, and geographic data in the domain of Archaeology, and to make these available to the wider community via the SSHOC Open Marketplace. Demonstrators are real-world examples of workflow implementations, key to showing how research workflows can be reused and adapted to different project contexts, providing the means to render data really FAIR.
This session is co-organised by The Archaeology Data Service (https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/) and the research infrastructure ARIADNE (https://www.ariadne-research-infrastructure.eu/), as part of the ATRIUM project. The goal of the session is to showcase this demonstrator model, exploring the current status and trends of FAIR workflows, tools, and infrastructures. By showcasing existing demonstrators of such research workflows and comparing the outcomes of case studies, this session aims to foster dialogue & best practices, and reflect on issues and facilitators for sustainable data reuse.
We invite papers from ATRIUM partners and beyond to share applications in practical case studies of FAIR workflows, especially in the context of data reuse.
Topics can encompass:
* Strategies and tools for reusing legacy datasets
* Adoption of ATRIUM & ARIADNE tools, or other tools facilitating research workflows and their demonstrators
* Impact & sustainability of FAIR workflow demonstrators
* Metadata enrichment and its applications in FAIRification
* Other related topics
We encourage individuals from diverse professional backgrounds and outside Europe to submit.
**S39: Palaeo-GIS**
**Session Organisers:**
_Patrick Cuthbertson_ , The Central Asian Archaeological Landscapes (CAAL) Project, UCL; Centre for the Archaeology of Human Origins (CAHO), University of Southampton
_Christian Sommer_ , Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities Research center “The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans” (ROCEEH) at the Senckenberg Institute and the University of Tübingen
_Peny Tsakanikou_ , The University of Crete Research Center (UCRS), Department of History and Archaeology, University of Crete, Gallos Campus, 74150 Rethymno
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
In the first Palaeo-GIS session (CAA Tübingen, 2018) we contended that Palaeolithic and prehistoric applications of GIS are fundamentally different from applications in later periods, and advocated for particular consideration of their unique analytical challenges and ‘temptations’ (Cuthbertson & Tsakanikou 2023).
The aim of our second Palaeo-GIS session is to further develop this theme in discussion with GIS users facing similar issues in Palaeolithic and later prehistoric research contexts.
The study of human prehistory requires an holistic approach to properly assay the complex interplay of palaeoenvionmental factors, resources (affordances), material culture, and early human behaviour across vast spatio-temporal scales.
Although Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have proven an effective analytical tool for integrating and analysing these different factors and their interrelationships, a unique theoretical basis for their application is still underdeveloped.
Palaeolithic applications of GIS can be used to:
* Address prehistoric research themes at different spatial scales, from analysis of individual artefacts, the more familiar scale of the site, and over increasingly vast regions and landscapes to the continental level.
* Tackle broad, continental-scale prehistoric narratives, and even provide finer-scale empirical and analytical connection for broader scale narratives.
* Integrate time-depth through the capabilities of temporal GIS (or TGIS), to understand environmental and occupation change over time.
* Organise, analyse, and visualise archaeological and paleoenvironmental data from diverse sources; combining and compiling from diverse spatial datasets and generating novel data.
* Analyse the impact of enduring physical features on ancient human occupation, such as geomorphological, tectonic, and geological factors.
* Employ a vast array of tried and tested geospatial computational methods for data analysis, as well as including the tools to develop bespoke methods of analysis.
* The capability to generate and test predictive models, which is probably the most common current usage of GIS in Palaeolithic applications.
* The effective communication and dissemination of results through map making, georeferenced orthophotos, and other cartographic outputs.
* Make use of standardised and reusable filetypes and data schemes developed in other areas (e.g. Building Information Modelling (BIM)) for coordinated collaboration, sustainable data publication, and long-term preservation.
This potential of GIS applications in Palaeolithic and later prehistoric research has only very partially been explored, and there remains a lot of potential for innovative and bespoke solutions. The opportunity remains to develop new approaches that emerge from the needs and logical structure of Palaeolithic research and the prehistoric record, rather than being driven primarily by technological or conceptual developments in other fields.
It is a combination of the analytical challenges and temptations of Palaeolithic applications of GIS that potentially hinder the ability of researchers to capitalise on this opportunity. Our identified challenges and temptations of Palaeolithic applications of GIS are:
Challenges
1. poor data coverage
2. vast spatio-temporal scale
3. the difficulty of inferring behavioural patterns under the conditions of problems 1. and 2.
Temptations
1. to follow the data coverage, rather than to try to generate data for difficult places and periods
2. to adapt questions to the logic of data structure, rather than rework data to suit questions
3. to do analyses that are familiar but irrelevant, rather than pioneer new methodological solutions
(Cuthbertson & Tsakanikou 2023: 14)
The Palaeo-GIS session is intended to encourage contributions from authors applying GIS in Palaeolithic or later prehistoric contexts and research topics. We particularly encourage authors to submit papers that reflect on the unique characteristics and challenges of their prehistoric research context, and engage reflectively with those challenges.
#### _Reference_
Cuthbertson, P and Tsakanikou, P. 2023 Challenges in Palaeolithic Spatial Archaeology: Two Eurasian Case Studies. In:. Human History and Digital Future : Proceedings of the 46th Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. 31 October 2023. Tübingen University Press. pp. 51–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15496/publikation-87765.
**S40: Digital Archaeology for Heritage under Threat: Modelling Climate Hazards and Landscape Change**
**Session Organisers:**
_Emeri Farinetti_ , Landscape Archaeology – Archaeological Theory and Methods, RomaTre University – Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici
_Miltiadis Polidorou_ , Lab of Digital Humanities and GeoInformatics ,Archaeological Research Unit (ARU), University of Cyprus
_Fernando Moreno Navarro_ , RomaTre University – Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici
_George P. Pavlidis_ , ILSP – Institute for Language and Speech Processing, ATHENA – Research and Innovation Centre in Information, Communication and Knowledge Technologies
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Archaeological landscapes are shaped by the interplay between human activity and natural forces such as erosion, sedimentation, tectonic shifts, and climate-driven changes. Today, these same forces—accelerated by climate change—pose unprecedented risks to cultural heritage, from flooding and coastal erosion to extreme weather events and desertification. These dynamics not only threaten the material integrity of archaeological sites but also challenge how we document, interpret, and preserve the past for the future.
This session explores how digital tools and spatial geotechnologies can help monitor, model, and mitigate climate-related hazards in archaeological landscapes, while also enhancing our understanding of their long-term evolution. We welcome contributions that showcase innovative workflows, risk-assessment strategies, and predictive models at the intersection of geomorphology, archaeology, and heritage conservation.
Topics may include, but are not limited to:
* High-resolution digital terrain analysis for vulnerability assessment
* Remote sensing and change detection for hazard monitoring (e.g., LiDAR, photogrammetry, UAV surveys, geophysical prospection)
* Geoarchaeological case studies addressing climate-induced landscape transformations
* Simulation and predictive modeling of hazard scenarios and human–environment interactions
* Integration of hazard datasets into archaeological GIS and decision-support tools
* Digital Twins for real-time monitoring and adaptive heritage management
* GIS-based spatial modelling for cultural heritage risk mapping and resilience planning
We particularly encourage interdisciplinary approaches combining earth sciences, climate studies, and digital archaeology to develop proactive solutions for cultural heritage under threat. This session also aims to foreground the role of computational and spatial methods in climate change adaptation strategies, ensuring that archaeological data informs policy and resilience planning.
Join us to advance the discussion on how digital archaeology can be a key player in safeguarding cultural heritage from climate change, bridging the gap between research, technology, and heritage protection.
**S41: New Advances and Directions of 3D Analysis in Archaeology (_round table_)**
Find details here!
**S42: The Reuse of Digital Archaeological Archives and Data: Pathway to New Knowledge or Dead End?**
**Session Organisers:**
_Christophe Tuffery,_ Ministère de la Culture et UMR 8068 TEMPS
_Sebastien Plutniak_ , CNRS
_Marie Stahl_ , École Française d’Athènes
_Stephanie Delaguette_ , CNRS
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
The amount of archaeological data published or archived in digital formats is increasing. In the context of the open science movement, disciplinary repositories (e.g. ADS, tDAR, OpenContext), journals (e.g. the _J. of Open Archaeological Data_), and specialized archive services contribute to this trend.
The FAIR principles are enthusiastically claimed as a guide in this way, and tireless efforts are made to make digital data findable and accessible – sometimes interoperable – and reusable. But, are FAIR-compliant “reusable” data actually reused? In recent years, data reuse has become a concern, as reflected by conference sessions [1], publications [2, 3], standards [4], and collective projects [5]. Indeed, it raises controversial and sensitive matters:
* The scientific “publish or perish” rationale and archiving rationale “preserve or perish” can prove antagonistic. To what extent have studies based on data reuse actually demonstrated significant benefits in knowledge or methods to ground the idea that digital data conservation is worth it?
* The funding and support of open-science initiatives is made on the promise of their usefulness through reuse. This goes against the fact that professional norms in archaeology today still firmly promote the production of _new_ data. What if data openly published is not reused? How to define and track reuse?
* When digital data is reused, how is it done? The reuse of openly published data can conflict with requirements in data sovereignty. How and to which extent are the CARE principles considered when it comes to digital archaeological data?
This session is intended to address these problems and other related issues. We welcome presentations about design studies grounded on data reuse, applied methods, results obtained, difficulties encountered and how they have been overcome, as well as data reuse policies, digital infrastructures, and monitoring.
Presentations should reflect a diversity of projects and actors, particularly those who are not members of academic and research communities (indigenous voices and practitioners) and who come from a variety of regions, especially those that are often underrepresented.
Presentations should also illustrate good practices, some of which could be used to define guidelines for encouraging and ensuring proper reuse of archaeological archives.
#### _Reference_ s
1. EAA 2024. Session “Old Excavations and Finds, New Data and Interpretations: The Use of Archives in Current Archaeological Research Projects”. DOI: https://doi.org/10.58079/vovk
2. Gupta, N. et al. 2023. “The CARE principles and the reuse, sharing, and curation of indigenous data in Canadian archaeology.” _Advances in Archaeological Practice_ 11 (1): 76-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/aap.2022.33
3. Tuffery C. 2023. “Contribution to the recent history of archaeology by using some digital humanities methods and techniques applied to field recording documents of an archaeological site excavated in 1970s” _Journal of Data Mining & Digital Humanities_,
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46298/jdmdh.10847
4. Marwick, B & S. E. Pilaar Birch. 2018. “A standard for the scholarly citation of archaeological data as an incentive to data sharing” _Advances in Archaeological Practice_ 6(2): 125-143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/aap.2018.3
5. Project TETRARCHs Telling Stories with Archaeological Data. https://www.tetrarchs.org
**S43: Digital Evolution in Archaeological Practice: From Innovation to Infrastructure and FAIR data**
**Session Organisers:**
_Chiara G. M. Girotto_ , Freelance Archaeologist & Osteologist
_Daniel Löwenborg_ , Uppsala University
_Albrecht M. F. Knauber_ , Arch Pro Beratungsgesellsch. mbH
_Stephan Winkler,_ illisystems
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Following recent explorations of the implementation of standards, FAIR data recording, and emergent standards, as well as their intersection with commercial archaeology and academic research, this session examines the development lifecycle of digital archaeological data and solutions—from experimental tools to essential infrastructure. We wish to investigate how innovations become integrated into archaeological practice and what this evolution reveals about the discipline’s digital future.
Commercial archaeology occupies a unique position where innovation must prove itself immediately practical. This session explores the development pathways of digital solutions, examining how tools evolve from addressing specific project needs to serving broader archaeological communities, and can navigate both formal organisational requirements and the needs of academic research. We invite papers that explore the critical transition points where individual solutions become shared resources, and local innovations gain international relevance.
The session addresses the increasingly blurred boundaries between commercial and academic data generation. As development-led archaeology produces ever-larger datasets structured according to FAIR principles, these resources become invaluable for synthetic research, regional studies, and heritage management. We examine how this convergence shapes development priorities and funding models for archaeological infrastructure. This becomes increasingly relevant as the EU Open Data Directive is implemented, and there will be growing pressure to make data from archaeological investigations openly accessible and FAIR. By building on solutions from the archaeological community, this can be an opportunity to transform archaeological practice.
Central to our discussion is the sustainability of digital innovation. Many successful solutions begin as cost-effective responses to immediate needs—custom scripts, adapted open-source tools, or lightweight databases. We explore how these pragmatic beginnings can evolve into robust, maintainable systems without losing their original flexibility and efficiency.
The human dimension remains paramount: how do development teams strike a balance between user needs and technical possibilities? How do we ensure that digital evolution enhances rather than constrains archaeological practice? What governance models best support community-driven development while ensuring long-term sustainability?
We invite contributions addressing:
* Challenges in scaling local solutions to international contexts
* Development trajectories from prototype to production in archaeological software
* Governance models for community-driven digital infrastructure
* Bridging commercial innovation with academic research needs
* Sustainability strategies for archaeological digital tools and data
* The economics of open-source development in archaeology
* User-centered design in archaeological software development
* Case studies of successful tool evolution and adoption
**S44: Data are People: Data Making as Mirror of Past and Present Practice**
**Session Organisers:**
_Loes Opgenhaffen,_ University of York / Saxion University of Applied Sciences
_Vasiliki Lagari,_ Belvedere Museum (Vienna) / International Hellenic University
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_** ** __**
Too often we hear at conferences and courses about the production and aggregation of data, but not about what precedes data: the people creating it (after d’Ignazio and Klein 2023, 7). We hear hardly anything about what this data means or about the subjectivity inherent in using tools to create something: the choices we make in the process of first deciding what is important to document (in 3D) and what is _not_ , and secondly, the purpose of the visualisation based on predetermined commercial or scientific objectives (e.g. public outreach, academic publication, project documentation, etc.). These decisions determine both the tools and the resolution of the output, as well as the settings (camera, 3D scanner, etc.), all impacting the final visual result. This means that persons are just as involved in the production of 3D visualizations as the devices they use, and they mutually affect and direct each other and the product. We understand this human-machine engagement as _sociality_.
This implies a social environment of data production: several people are involved, and even more people are involved in the consumption of this data. When we look beyond this anthropocentric perspective and extend sociality to the machine’s capacity for action, a synergy arises between the operator and the device. This combination invites a continuous dialogue with our device, which informs our decisions. The limitations that our digital tools sometimes impose actually offer opportunities instead, and stimulate our _creativity_ to find new solutions, adapting (i.e. improving) the devices we use, which are often not designed for archaeology.
The documentation of this synergy can be understood as paradata, emphasizing the social and creative dimensions of data-making. Awareness of the social aspects of production promotes creativity, but standardisation in the documentation of heuristic processes can simultaneously constrain it. The documentation of the creative process can be summarised as a pipeline. The pipeline should not be conceived as a rigid, step-by-step manual; rather, its paradata component provides the intellectual context and creative inspiration for engaging with the tools, which we might call the “machine factor.” The amalgamation of the unique character of heritage objects, volatile nature of technology and changing epistemelogies means that both experienced practitioners and novices are constantly faced with new challenges, for which paradata can foster adaptive and innovative solutions.
Although such pipelines cannot be replicated exactly, they offer a flexible framework to guide practice. In this way, paradata bridges two dynamic temporalities – the study of the past and contemporary practices – and offers future researchers a reflective lens on our own social, professional and intellectual worlds.
In this session, we invite researchers and practitioners to share their “creative” methodologies for producing 3D data and to explore whether there are opportunities for a standardised way of documenting our data visualisation processes, with an emphasis on the social aspects of the data creation process (Huvila 2025). By comparing technical pipelines and social practices in academic and development-led archaeology and the GLAM sector, this session aims to promote discussion about practitioners’ experiences with technologies in order to find common ground at this specific social level of creating 3D visualisations. These sectors should not each reinvent the wheel separately, but share their expertise to improve registration processes while recognising the social nature of the production process of 3D visualisations of heritage. We are certainly not the first to pursue such a goal, but since there is still no form of shared and accepted standardisation (but there is certainly a need for it) for documenting and sharing practices such as workflows or protocols (Opgenhaffen et al 2021), this goal must continue to be pursued.
Papers may focus on either or both themes, but are not limited to the following topics, however, we advise to include/apply a reflexive approach by considering the social context they work in:
* Synergy between people and digital devices
* The social production of 3D visualizations of archaeological and heritage objects
* Methodologies of making 3D objects
* Documentation schemes for recording paradata
Standardization of recording production/creative processes
#### Suggested reading:
Huvila, Isto, Lisa Andersson, and Olle Sköld, eds. _Perspectives on Paradata: Research and Practice of Documenting Process Knowledge_. Knowledge Management and Organizational Learning, vol. 13. Cham: Springer, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53946-6
Ioannides, Marinos, Drew Baker, Athos Agapiou, and Petros Siegkas, eds. _3D Research Challenges in Cultural Heritage V: Paradata, Metadata and Data in Digitisation_. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 15190. Cham: Springer, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-78590-0
#### _Reference_ s
D’Ignazio, Catherine, and Lauren F. Klein. Data Feminism. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2020.
Huvila, Isto, Lisa Andersson, Zanna Friberg, Ying-Hsang Liu, and Olle Sköld. “A Paradata Reference Model.” In Paradata: Documenting Data Creation, Curation and Use, 180–210. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009366564.008
Opgenhaffen, Loes, Hayley Mickleburgh, Martina Revello Lami (2021). “Art, Creativity and Automation. From Charters to Shared 3D Visualization Practices.” _Open Archaeology_ 7(1), 1648-1659. https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0162
**S45: Computational Archaeology at Scale: Large Spatial Datasets for Unveiling Cultural Landscapes**
**Session Organisers:**
_Jonathan Lim,_ University of Arkansas
_Carla Klehm_ , University of Arkansas
_Jack Berner,_ Washington University in St Louis
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_** ** __**
As spatial technologies advance rapidly in sophistication and become more accessible, archaeologists increasingly wield large datasets to answer landscape-scale research questions. Emerging technologies like light detection and ranging (LiDAR), passive and active satellite sensors, unmanned aerial systems-mounted cameras, structure-from-motion (SFM) elevation data, large-scale geophysical survey, and others are broadly known as high density survey and measurement (HDSM) (Opitz and Limp, 2015; Klehm et al., 2019). The data-rich nature of these datasets multiply the options for analysis, often generating unexpected insights and novel research directions.
For example, airborne LiDAR survey, once exclusively the purview of only the most well-funded projects, are now relatively more accessible by mounting them on UAS units (Risbøl and Gustavsen, 2018), enabling feature visualization and heritage management/monitoring over vast swathes of densely vegetated terrain (Frachetti et al., 2024; Vinci et al., 2025). Open science archival practices further improves access to these elevation datasets, enabling large-scale analysis at minimal cost. Satellites now have near-total coverage of much of the world at very high resolution— beyond direct observation of archaeological sites and the environment, it is possible to produce elevation models of the landscape and even small archaeological features (Lim and Linares Matás, 2023). In order to efficiently study these large HDSM datasets, many archaeologists have turned to machine learning (Bellat et al., 2025). This field has advanced substantially in recent years and has yielded impressive results, although it is often challenging to identify best practices for specific environment types and cultural contexts.
In this session, we invite researchers to showcase how they have used HDSM datasets in innovative ways. By no means a comprehensive list, topics may include or be tangentially related to the following:
* Large UAS or terrestrial LiDAR surveys, and the challenges of storing and processing such data.
* Satellite remote sensing using passive (Visible light or multispectral) or active (e.g., Synthetic aperture radar) sensors, for direct observation or surface reconstruction.
* Historical imagery, especially imagery that inherently involve complex issues (e.g., Keyhole) in their processing and applications
* Low-cost and open methods for visualizing, processing, and archiving HDSM
* Machine learning for automatic classification or computing change in longitudinal datasets
* Landscape-scale geophysical survey, both vehicle-mounted and pedestrian
* Cloud-based processing workflows for HDSM data in a lab or field environment
* Data fusion of different types of spatial data
#### _Reference_ s
Bellat, M., Figueroa, J.D.O., Reeves, J.S., Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, R., Tennie, C., Scholten, T., 2025. Machine learning applications in archaeological practices: a review. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.03840
Frachetti, M.D., Berner, J., Liu, X., Henry, E.R., Maksudov, F., Ju, T., 2024. Large-scale medieval urbanism traced by UAV–lidar in highland Central Asia. Nature 634, 1118–1124. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08086-5
Klehm, C., Barnes, A., Follett, F., Simon, K., Kiahtipes, C., Mothulatshipi, S., 2019. Toward archaeological predictive modeling in the Bosutswe region of Botswana: Utilizing multispectral satellite imagery to conceptualize ancient landscapes. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 54, 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2019.02.002
Lim, J.S., Linares Matás, G.J., 2023. Dunes, death, and datasets: Modelling funerary monument construction in remote arid landscapes using spaceborne stereo imagery. J. Archaeol. Sci. 156, 105815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2023.105815
Opitz, R., Limp, W.F., 2015. Recent Developments in High-Density Survey and Measurement (HDSM) for Archaeology: Implications for Practice and Theory. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 44, 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-102214-013845
Risbøl, O., Gustavsen, L., 2018. LiDAR from drones employed for mapping archaeology – Potential, benefits and challenges. Archaeol. Prospect. 25, 329–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1712
Vinci, G., Vanzani, F., Fontana, A., Campana, S., 2025. LiDAR Applications in Archaeology: A Systematic Review. Archaeol. Prospect. 32, 81–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1931
**S46: The Human Factor in Archaeological Data Recording**
**Session Organisers:**
_Silvia Götti,_ Universität Bern
_Piotr Wroniecki,_ Montefortino Prospection & Digitalisation
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_** ** __**
The human factors in archaeological data recording
New technologies and digital tools promise precision yet archaeological data are still shaped
by human choices and limitations. This session focuses on how factors such as expertise,
stress, improvisation, or recording bias influence the creation and use of digital
archaeological records.
We encourage case studies and reflections that show not only where things go wrong, but
also how we can design better practices. What lessons can we draw from common
mistakes? How can systems be built to reduce human error without ignoring the creativity
and flexibility that fieldwork demands? By comparing experiences, we aim to outline practical
guidelines for improving data quality in archaeological recording and processing.
Possible topics for presentations include, but are not limited to:
* sources of recording bias and missed opportunities
* improvisation in the field and its consequences
* reorganizing and migrating “grown” or legacy data systems
* creative adaptation or misuse of digital tools not designed for archaeology
* breaking (and fixing) our digital tools in practice
* strategies for designing data systems that reduce human input errors
This session is aimed at archaeologists, computer scientists, heritage managers, data
engineers, archivists and everybody else who has to work with the recording and processing
of digital archaeological data. We welcome scientific papers as well as anecdotal story
telling.
#### _Reference_ s
[1] Cowley, D.C. (2016). What Do the Patterns Mean? Archaeological Distributions and Bias
in Survey Data. In: Forte, M., Campana, S. (eds) Digital Methods and Remote Sensing in
Archaeology. Quantitative Methods in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40658-9_7
[2] Austin, A., Heilen, M., McEwan, C., Uhl, S. & Wolf, E. (2024). Improving the Usability of
Archaeological Data through Written Guidelines. Advances in Archaeological Practice, 12(2),
123–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/aap.2023.30
[3] Anderson, D.G. (2024). Modern Archaeological Research and the Importance of Properly
Reported and Curated Data. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121 (16)
e2403792121, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2403792121.
[4] Morgan, C. & Eve, S. (2012). DIY and Digital Archaeology: What Are You Doing to
Participate? World Archaeology, 44(4), 521–537.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2012.741810
**S47: Artificial Intelligence, a Step into the Post-digital Era of Archaeology?**
**Session Organisers:**
_Grégoire van Havre,_ Universidade Federal do Piauí
_Kayeleigh Sharp,_ Northern Arizona University
_Mathias Bellat,_ Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_** ** __**
In the post-digital era in which we now exist, technology has been embraced and normalised such that we are disrupted by its absence rather than its presence (see Huggett 2015). While the post-digital paradigm strongly rejects the narrative of one-way technological progress and recognizes both the advantages and disadvantages of new technologies as engines of innovation, we have not yet fully realised the range of implications integration of AI poses. With hybridised coexistence of analogue and digital, formerly disruptive techniques like GIS or 3D modeling and spatial analysis have become foundational in contemporary archaeological practice. It is within this intellectual environment that emerging AI techniques are being widely adopted. The critical question that emerges is whether such post-digital era technologies are being embraced without adequate consideration of the implications not only for preservation of archaeological sites but intangible cultural heritage as well. This question emerges with the current state of affairs emerging in AI today (Gattaglia 2025).
In May 2025, OpenAI launched a contest called “OpenAI to Z Challenge”, aimed at locating archaeological sites in the Amazon region using OpenAI o3/o4 mini and GPT-4.1 (https://openai.com/openai-to-z-challenge/). As it was probably the first time a large public contest was launched on such an archaeological question, it also carried a lot of Indiana Jones-like discourse (“You are the digital explorer”, “Discover secrets hidden under the canopy”) and a popular colonial mythology of Eldorado (the city of Z). Among the open data indicated were “high-resolution satellite imagery, published lidar tiles, colonial diaries, indigenous oral maps, past documentaries, archaeological survey papers” calling, in effect, to a variety of possible AI applications in archaeology.
At nearly the same time, Bellat and Orellana-Figueroa et al. (2025) reviewed the trajectory of the use of AI in archaeology into six categories (classification of archaeological remains, predictive modelling, automatic structure detection, digital heritage, text analysis and taphonomic classification). In their conclusions, they insist on the necessity of common procedures and workflows, and on the limited availability of open data. As a result, they point out the exploratory dimension of most research. In parallel, Casillo et al. (2025), in their review of AI for cultural heritage practice, highlighted a lack of standardised datasets in their conclusion. Gattaglia (2025) assesses the importance of data availability and transparency, and draws ethical concerns over the invisible materiality of AI.
As computers become more capable of simulating human reasoning through the production of texts, images, and other digital content, it is worth asking about their impact on archaeology and on the production of knowledge about past societies. While the idea of a fully robotic excavation remains in the realm of science fiction, we can already glimpse the possibility of producing and publishing research entirely through large-scale language (LLM) and computer vision (CV) models. Some questions to consider include: Is it possible to identify such models if not clearly stated? What would the bias be? What does this mean for science? How might this influence understanding of the past and the construction of the present? Are there any foreseeable consequences? Is it possible to slow or even stop the damage? Who has access to current tools and who benefits from them? Such are the practical and ethical questions archaeology must address as soon as possible, and which form the basis of this session, as future archaeologists will graduate with an LLM right in their pockets and CV detection will be the norm.
##### **Session aim**
This session aims to be a marketplace of ideas and suggestions, of collaborations and knowledge transfer. Specifically, it aims to explore questions about the analytical and ethical use of AI in archaeology, including, but not limited to, those mentioned above. We wish to gather people interested in using Artificial Intelligence on their data, but who don’t know how to do so, and people who know how to, but lack data. We call for those who would like to test their models on new and unexpected datasets. While case studies are recommended, we understand they may be incomplete.Some questions for consideration include: How does AI safeguard the respect and collaboration with Native and traditional people? How accurately does AI reproduce and represent the past? As in the case of _OpenAI to Z Challenge_ , are certain aspects of colonial mythology already embedded in it? Do the results of the application of AI on archaeological data necessarily relate to past people? What are the possible implications in the present and in the future?
##### **Accessibility & Ethics**
We encourage accessible presentation materials, plain-language summaries, and disclosures on data sensitivity, cultural considerations, and potential harms. Work with restricted data should outline mitigation strategies (e.g., redaction, differential access). Please state open vs closed-world assumptions and how constraints affect the inclusion/exclusion of sensitive entities.
##### Special Interest Group
This session is organised by the CAA SIG on Machine Learning.
### **_Other Format Description_** ** __**
This session is open to short submissions. We expect their authors to focus on the exchange of data and protocols, as well as practical or ethical problems and solutions.
#### _Reference_ s
Bellat, M.; Orellana Figueroa, J. D.; Reeves, J. S.; Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, R.; Tennie, C.; Scholten, T. 2025. Machine learning applications in archaeological practices: a review. arXiv. DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.03840.
Casillo, M.; Colace, F.; Gaeta, R.; Lorusso, A.; Pellegrino, M. 2025. Artificial Intelligence in Archaeological Site Conservation: Trends, Challenges, and Future Directions. Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology, 8, 1, 224-241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.207.
Gattaglia, G. 2025. Managing Artificial Intelligence in Archeology. An overview. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 71, 225-233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2024.11.020.
Huggett, J. 2015. A Post-Digital Archaeology? Introspective Digital Archaeology. https://introspectivedigitalarchaeology.com/2015/07/05/a-post-digital-archaeology/.
**S48: Beyond Empowerment: Measuring the Impact of Mobile GIS in Field Archaeology**
**Session Organisers:**
_Julia M. Chyla_ , Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw
_Nazarij Buławka,_ Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw
_Adéla Sobotkova_ , Aarhus University
_Giuseppe Prospero Cirigliano,_ Scuola IMT Alti Studi Lucca
**Session Format:** Other
### **_Description_** ** __**
“Mobile GIS is a GIS for users who are on the move” (Lee 1993). Since its early adoption in archaeology (Pundt 2002; Tripcevich 2004), the technology has been celebrated for empowering archaeologists and communities, enabling efficient mapping and data collection even in underfunded, remote projects. Two decades on, Mobile GIS has become routine in fieldwork. This session asks: what does empowerment actually look like, and how can it be measured?
We invite contributions that move beyond anecdote to critically evaluate the utility and durability of Mobile-GIS-based workflows in practice. Evidence-based comparisons—before and after a shift in toolkits, or between “in-the-field” and “in-the-office” workflows—are especially welcome. Evaluations might consider: reduced setup costs and administrative labour; technical debt and technical lock-in; ease of producing FAIR data; robust and low-maintenance data pipelines; improved team participation and community engagement (visible in data reuse, data compatibility with official registers, and other secondary benefits). Legal and regulatory contexts, where digital field records can function as admissible documentation, also form part of this evolving landscape.
We also welcome methodological critiques that address the long-term sustainability of Mobile GIS practices. How resilient are current workflows to offline environments, overheated batteries, directorial tinkering, and emergent field realities, including volunteers taking pictures obsessively? What evidence demonstrates the scalability of these systems and their ability to generate rich, interoperable datasets for national and research archives? And as AI tools increasingly enter the discourse, what realistic role—if any—do they play in contexts where field conditions remain largely immune to network-dependent automation?
We invite case studies, evaluations, and critiques that help the community take stock of where field data collection is today, and where it is heading.
### **Guiding questions**
* What measurable evidence supports claims of empowerment and utility?
* How sustainable are current Mobile GIS workflows over 5+ years?
* What trade-offs between ease, cost, and data quality emerge in practice?
Where, if anywhere, does AI meaningfully fit into field data collection today?
###
** _Other Format Description_** ** __**
The session will begin with an introductory presentation by the chairs, focused on the guiding questions and the main theme of both the conference and this year’s session. This will be followed by the authors’ presentations. The session will conclude with a general 15–20 minute discussion and round table, summarizing the key points of all presentations and addressing the most pressing issues within the methodology, workflows, and wider discourse on the use of Mobile GIS in archaeology. The discussion will be led by the chairs and will actively involve all authors participating in the session.
#### _Reference_ s
Ness S.T. Lee, “Single Line Street Network: The Foundation of Mobile GIS,” _Proceedings of VNIS ’93 – Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference_ , Publ. by IEEE, 1993, 34–37. https://doi.org/10.1109/vnis.1993.585578.
Hardy Pundt, “Field Data Collection with Mobile GIS: Dependencies Between Semantics and Data Quality,” _GeoInformatica_ 6, no. 4 (2002): 363–80. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020805511054.
Nicholas Tripcevich, “Flexibility by Design: How Mobile GIS Meets the Needs of Archaeological Survey,” _Cartography and Geographic Information Science_ 31, no. 3 (2004): 137–51.
**S49: Bridging Micro and Macro Perspectives in the Modelling of Past Human Ecosystems**
**Session Organisers:**
_Eleftheria Paliou,_ University of Cologne
_Andreas Angourakis,_ Ruhr University Bochum; University of Cologne
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_** ** __**
Ongoing and current discourse in socio-ecological research has highlighted the need to explore the types and intensity of human–environment interactions across a variety of temporal and spatial scales (Roberts et al. 2024; Kintigh et al. 2014). Computational archaeology is integral to such investigations, since it enables the study of the dynamic interplay between human behaviour and environmental change, including shifts in climate, vegetation cover, and faunal and floral populations, through a deep-time and multi-scalar perspective. At the macro scale, advances in computational modelling and the growing availability of large datasets on past settlement distributions, radiocarbon dates, and climatic variables have highlighted broader trends and aggregate patterns in the archaeological record, suggesting reciprocal influences between altering socio-economic and environmental conditions. Nonetheless, a deeper understanding of the local processes that give rise to macro-patterns is notoriously challenging to achieve. This difficulty stems from several factors: the uneven availability and quality of archaeological and environmental data across regions, the problem of equifinality (i.e. distinct pathways can produce similar large-scale outcomes), and the tendency of macro-scale analyses to smooth over local dynamics and short-term fluctuations, thereby obscuring the causal mechanisms that operate at finer scales. On the other hand, microscale studies have offered essential insights into the dynamic relationship between human societies and ecological change at the local level. Especially notable is the contribution of ethnoarchaeological approaches that look into the ecological perspectives of Indigenous and local communities (Sherjon et al. 2015; Whitaker et al. 2023; Pisor and Jones 2021; Welch-Devine et al. 2020), and multidisciplinary research that brings together high-resolution data from material, archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological and paleoenvironmental studies. However, the value of local level understandings for socio-ecological research is increasingly scrutinised due to concerns regarding their direct applicability across diverse contexts and the difficulty of making valid cultural parallels. In this respect, computational approaches, such as Agent-Based Modelling (ABM), that gain insights from ethnoarchaeological and small-scale studies offer significant methodological advantages, as they focus on exploring microscale processes, rather than relying on direct cultural analogies, allow rigorous hypothesis testing, and have the potential to highlight non-linear feedback between local and global processes.
This session aims to bring together micro and macro perspectives on the modelling of past human ecosystems, seeking a more comprehensive understanding of the interdependence between microdynamics and macro patterns. It invites contributions discussing cross-scale approaches to computational modelling and theoretical frameworks that seek to make explicit the links between local-level human action and global environmental impacts. Furthermore, we are particularly interested in approaches to computational modelling that gain insights from Indigenous and traditional ecological knowledge. We also encourage contributions that explore the socio-ecological dynamics of resource use, depletion, and renewal, as well as interdisciplinary eco-archaeological approaches that bring together ethnoarchaeology, archaeological science methods, and computational modelling. More broadly, we invite works on computational modelling (e.g., simulations, GIS-based models, equation-based models, agent-based models, etc.) which look into:
* The response of hunter-gatherer, agropastoralist and urban populations to ecological change
* anthropogenic impacts on the environment in the long- and short-term, at smaller and larger spatial scales
* ecological sustainability and resilience in the past and present
* technological advances in computational modelling of socio-ecological systems
#### _Reference_ s
Kintigh, Keith W., Jeffrey H. Altschul, Mary C. Beaudry, Robert D. Drennan, Ann P. Kinzig, Timothy A. Kohler, W. Fredrick Limp, et al. 2014. ‘Grand Challenges for Archaeology’. American Antiquity 79 (01): 5–24. https://doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.1.5.
Pisor, Anne C., and James H. Jones. 2021. ‘Human Adaptation to Climate Change: An Introduction to the Special Issue’. American Journal of Human Biology 33 (4): e23530. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23530.
Roberts, P., Caetano-Andrade, V., Fisher, M., Hamilton, R., Rudd, R., Stokes, F., Amano, N., Antonosyan, M., Dugmore, A., Findley, D. M., Freire, V. Z., Furquinne, L. P., Fletcher, M.-S., Humbrecht, G., Heddell-Stevens, P., Iminjili, V., Jha, D. K., Kinyanjui, R., Maezumi, S., Isendahl, C. (2024). Uncovering the multi-biome environmental and Earth system legacies of past human societies. _Annual Review of Environment and Resources_ , _49_ , 21–50. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-101257
Scherjon, Fulco, Corrie Bakels, Katharine MacDonald, and Wil Roebroeks. 2015. ‘Burning the Land: An Ethnographic Study of Off-Site Fire Use by Current and Historically Documented Foragers and Implications for the Interpretation of Past Fire Practices in the Landscape’. Current Anthropology 56 (3): 299–326. https://doi.org/10.1086/681561.
Welch-Devine, Meredith, Anne Sourdril, and Brian J. Burke, eds. 2020. Changing Climate, Changing Worlds: Local Knowledge and the Challenges of Social and Ecological Change. Ethnobiology. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37312-2.
Whitaker, James Andrew, Guillaume Armstrong, and Chelsey Geralda Odonne, eds. 2023.Climatic and Ecological Change in the Americas: A Perspective from Historical Ecology. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003316497
**S50: Heritage under Bombs – Mitigating Destruction in Rapidly Evolving World**
**Session Organisers:**
_Nazarij Buławka,_ Non-Invasive and Digital Archeology Laboratory (PANiC), Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw
_Oleksandra Ivanova,_ National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
_Huyam Khalid Mohammed Madani,_ Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw
_Mariia Lobanova_ , Odesa Archaeological Museum of the NAS of Ukraine
**Session Format:** Other
### **_Description_** ** __**
Tangible and intangible cultural heritage shape people’s sense of identity and their sense of belonging. Heritage is particularly vulnerable during periods of political instability. It can become a silent victim of war through destruction, use in military activities, looting and cultural appropriation, can be politically abused, or be used as a tool to whitewash war crimes. Heritage destruction can be accidental or a deliberate, systemic tool of ‘cultural genocide’, which aims to erase the memory of individuals and evidence of past communities’ existence and culture. Whereas, looted artefacts appear on the black market and are used to purchase weapons, thereby exacerbating further violence (Hanson, 2011).
The situation of heritage is extremely threatened because of the ongoing conflicts and wars around the globe, and the United States’ plan of withdrawal from UNESCO. During 2025, we witnessed a third year of the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine, continued destruction of Gaza, the war in Sudan, Tigray (Ethiopia), the Democratic Republic of the Congo, India-Pakistan, and Cambodia–Thailand border conflicts, and many more.
During the ongoing war Ukraine’s heritage is being constantly destroyed by Russia and artefacts looted. At the same time, such cases as rebuilding of Tauric Chersonesos in occupied Crimea, condemned by UNESCO committee, is an example of cultural appropriation and political abuse of heritage (Mick 2024; Munawar and Symonds 2024; Shydlovskyi et al 2023). Such a violent process is not unique; the situation in Ukraine has received widespread media coverage. In many areas affected by war and political instability, heritage protection is often inadequate and can undergo a similar process. However, information about such situations rarely reaches outside audiences. For example, scholars working in the Tigray region (Ethiopia) report that many museums were looted, and that heritage professionals face particular challenges due to the presence of explosives at destroyed sites.
Since April 2023, Sudan has been experiencing a widespread armed conflict, resulting in a severe humanitarian crisis and the deterioration of security across various regions. This conflict has had devastating effects on cultural heritage, with significant archaeological sites and several museums being affected. Preliminary reports indicate that the damage to archaeological sites may be linked to large-scale population displacement, which led to the use of some sites for housing and agriculture in the absence of adequate protection. More than nine museums across Sudan have also been affected, notably the Sudan National Museum, which was used as a military base, resulting in direct damage from military operations and the looting of its collections. The National Ethnographic Museum, which was completely destroyed by fires caused during direct confrontations. Heritage workers have not yet been able to access museums in the Darfur region to assess the extent of the damage. This situation poses a threat not only to Sudanese cultural heritage but also to the heritage of humanity and calls for urgent action by local and international authorities to safeguard these historical assets from further destruction.
Digitization is emerging as one of the most effective tools for safeguarding heritage in conflict zones, enabling the creation of detailed, shareable, and enduring records of at-risk sites and artefacts. As shown by Radchenko and Hadick (2024) in the Ukrainian context, preserving cultural heritage through digital means is an interdisciplinary challenge, requiring not only technology and equipment but also trained specialists, sustainable funding, and sufficient time for data collection, processing, and dissemination. In Ukraine, where ongoing hostilities continue to endanger heritage and reduce the number of professionals able to respond, digitization has become both an urgent priority and a logistical challenge. This experience demonstrates that digital preservation efforts in war zones must be internationally supported, well-resourced, and embedded within broader strategies for heritage protection.
During the last CAA meeting in Athens, we discussed the situation of heritage in Sudan, Ukraine, Ethiopia, Syria, Egypt, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. One of the key conclusions of the session was that the CAA must prioritise sessions focused on heritage protection, as this could help develop and introduce new methods and procedures in war zones. A plan for creating a Heritage Under Bombs special interest group was proposed. This meeting will continue to discuss the importance of developing digital methods to document heritage before it is lost.
The session aims to bring together researchers from areas affected by conflict and war, who are deeply concerned about the future of heritage, as well as specialists in digital methods. The session welcomes papers devoted to monitoring archaeological heritage in conflict zones, focused on:
* Inventories, databases for heritage preservation, and Linked Open Data.
* Monitoring: remote sensing (from satellite imagery to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)) and citizen science;
* Digital twins: photogrammetry and laser scanning;
* Reports of heritage destruction;
* Heritage protection initiatives.
**_Other Format Description_**
The session will consist of 20-minute presentations, followed by an extended discussion block at the end.
#### _Reference_ s
Hanson, Katharyn. 2011. ‘Ancient Artefacts and Modern Conflict: A Case Study of Looting and Instability in Iraq’. In _Cultural Heritage, Ethics, and the Military_ , edited by Peter G. Stone. Heritage Matters. Boydell & Brewer. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781846159442.008.
Mick, Christoph. 2024. ‘The Fight for the Past: Contested Heritage and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine’. In _War and the Historic Environment: The Effect of Conflict from Front Line Ukraine to Historic Namibia_ , 1st ed., edited by Michael Dawson. Routledge.
Munawar, Nour A, and JaMunawar, Nour A, and James Symonds. 2024. ‘Empires of Lies? The Political Uses of Cultural Heritage in War’. In _War and the Historic Environment: The Effect of Conflict from Front Line Ukraine to Historic Namibia_ , 1st ed., edited by Michael Dawson. Routledge.
Radchenko, S., & Hadick, K. (2024, May). Preserving Ukrainian legacy: Midway reflections and lessons learnt. _The European Archaeologist_ , (80), 24–31.
Shydlovskyi, Pavlo S., Ian Kuijt, Viacheslav Skorokhod, et al. 2023. ‘The Tools of War: Conflict and the Destruction of Ukrainian Cultural Heritage’. _Antiquity_ 97 (396): e36. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2023.159.
****S51:From Satellite to Unmanned Platforms, the Computation of LIDAR Dataset for Archaeological and Heritage Projects****
**Session Organisers:**
_Moisés Hernández Cordero,_ Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI-ÖAW)
_Irene Petschko_ , Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI-ÖAW)
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
LIDAR (light detection and ranging) is becoming a survey technique intensively used in archaeological prospections as well as in Building Heritage (Doneus, M. et al., 2020, Fontana, G. 2022, Parcero-Oubiña, C 2022). However, most presentations in archaeological sciences focus on analysing the results obtained by LIDAR rather than explaining why LIDAR was considered more appropriate than other techniques. Usually, papers with a more technical approach are dedicated to illustrating how historical features were detected (Orengo, H.A., Petrie, C.A, 2018, Stott, D. et al., 2015, Kokalj, Ž., Mast, J. 2021) or how the filtering of vegetation (Doneus et al., 2020, Brede et al., 2022) was accomplished. Some others gather instances of the use of LIDAR in archaeology but without analysing quality or reasons for selecting this technique vs others (Stott, D. et al., 2015, Vinci et al., C, 2024). Only few are dedicated to standardizing procedures when processing or presenting results for archaeological projects (Kokalj, Ž. 2025). Recently, with the introduction of machine learning for data analysis, new approaches to query the data are being published with greater focus on the postprocessing phase (Trier et all, 2019, Verschoof-van der Vaart et al., 2020, Berganzo-Besga, I. et al., 2021, Doneus et al., 2022).
This session would like to explore different applications of the LIDAR, shifting the focus from the overall research results to the previous technical phase within a project. The idea is to discuss/debate the use of LIDAR for heritage projects based on:
* what platform do they use (Satellite, plane or UAV) and why (resolution, cost, accessibility flexibility),
* how this might affect the final product (point cloud, raster) and the research questions of the project,
* new processing methodologies (filtering vegetation, noise removal, feature detection, software comparison/alternatives, …), and
* encountered problems in the data acquisition and the post processing phase (filtering vegetation, identifying features…).
We invite researchers interested in computation workflows, comparison of surveying techniques, cost-effect, quality of recorded data and setbacks during processing to present in this session. We welcome talks dealing not only with successes in the application of LIDAR but also with difficulties and failures that occur when delivering data and results, “the process of learning a craft often involves making mistakes along the way” (Gómez Coutouly et al. 2021). Overall, through this session we wish to focus in the exchange of experiences and discussion of senior/experienced scientist and technicians as well as junior researchers regarding the use of LIDAR for their projects. We believe that this topic might open new avenues and approaches to guide projects interested in applying this technique in the future.
#### References
Berganzo-Besga, I., Orengo, H. A., Lumbreras, F., Carerro-Pazos, M., Fonte, J. and Vilas-Estévez, B., 2021. Hybrid MSRM-based Deep Learning and multitemporal Sentinel 2-based Machine Learning algorithm detects near 10k archaeological tumuli in North-Western Iberia. Remote Sensing 13, 4181. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13204181
Brede, B., Bartholomeus, H.M., Barbier, N., Pimont, F., Vincent, G., Herold, M. 2022. Peering through the thicket: Effects of UAV LiDAR scanner settings and flight planning on canopy volume discovery, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, Volume 114,2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2022.103056
Doneus, M., Mandlburger, G., Doneus, N. 2020. Archaeological Ground Point Filtering of Airborne Laser Scan Derived Point-Clouds in a Difficult Mediterranean Environment. JCAA 2020, 3, 92–108. https://doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.44
Doneus M, Banaszek Ł, Verhoeven GJ. The Impact of Vegetation on the Visibility of Archaeological Features in Airborne Laser Scanning Datasets from Different Acquisition Dates. _Remote Sensing_. 2022; 14(4):858. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040858
Fontana, G., 2022. Italy’s Hidden Hillforts: A Large-Scale Lidar-Based Mapping of Samnium. Journal of Field Archaeology, 47(4): 245-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2022.2031465
Gómez Coutouly, Y. A., Gore, A. K., Holmes, C. E., Graf, K. E., & Goebel, T. 2020. “Knapping, My Child, is Made of Errors”: Apprentice Knappers at Swan Point and Little Panguingue Creek, Two Prehistoric Sites in Central Alaska. Lithic Technology, 46(1), 2–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.2020.1805201
Guyot, A., Lennon, M., Hubert-Moy, L. 2021. Objective comparison of relief visualization techniques with deep CNN for archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Sciences Report. 38, 103027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103027
Kokalj, Ž., Mast, J. 2021. Space lidar for archaeology? Reanalyzing GEDI data for detection of ancient Maya buildings, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, Volume 36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102811
Kokalj, Ž. 2025. Standardizing Visualization in Ancient Maya Lidar Research: Techniques, Challenges and Recommendations. Archaeological Prospection. 10. https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.70002
Orengo, H.A.; Petrie, C.A. 2018. Multi-scale relief model (MSRM): A new algorithm for the visualization of subtle topographic change of variable size in digital elevation models. Earth Surfaces Processes and Landforms, 43, 1361–1369. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4317
Parcero-Oubiña, C. 2022. At Last! Remote-Sensing Discovery of Archaeological Features through Aerial Imagery and Lidar in Galician Hillforts. AARGnews, 64, 22–33. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360047486_At_Last_Remote-Sensing_Discovery_of_Archaeological_Features_through_Aerial_Imagery_and_Lidar_in_Galician_Hillforts
Stott, D., Boyd, D. S., Beck, A., & Cohn, A. G. 2015. Airborne LiDAR for the Detection of Archaeological Vegetation Marks Using Biomass as a Proxy. _Remote Sensing_ , _7_(2), 1594-1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70201594
Trier, Ø.D., Cowley, D.C., Waldeland, A.U. 2019. Using deep neural networks on airborne laser scanning data: Results from a case study of semi-automatic mapping of archaeological topography on Arran, Scotland. Archaeological Prospection, 26, 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/arp.1731
Verschoof-van der Vaart,W.B., Lambers, K., Kowalczyk,W., Bourgeois, Q.P.J. 2020. Combining Deep Learning and Location-Based Ranking for Large-Scale Archaeological Prospection of LiDAR Data from The Netherlands. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Information, 9, 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050293
**S52: Beyond Fun and Games? Rethinking Archaeogaming, Play, and DigitalHeritage**
**Session Organisers:**
_Aris Politopoulos_ , Leiden University
_Sebastian Hageneuer,_ Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
What happens when archaeology meets play? Archaeogaming has grown from a niche into a lively field, exploring how games and playful media intersect with archaeological research, heritage practices, and public engagement. Building on last year’s discussions, this session continues to open the field — but shifts the focus more explicitly to questions of accessibility, inclusivity, and the critical limits of play.
We invite contributions that explore how playful tools — from video and board games to VR installations, museum interactives, and game engines — shape archaeological knowledge, communication, and teaching. Play and games clearly provide opportunities for experimentation, collaboration, and joy. Yet we also ask: what happens when play is not universally fun? How do these media exclude or marginalize particular audiences? How do they unintentionally reinforce narratives, power structures, or cultural stereotypes?
Accessibility is central here: games and playful experiences can widen participation in archaeology, but they can also create new barriers. Physical disabilities, technological requirements, and linguistic or cultural differences can all shape who gets to play — and who remains excluded. Similarly, inclusivity demands attention to representation and diversity: whose pasts are being told through games, whose bodies and voices are included or omitted, and how can archaeogaming be a platform for decolonial and feminist perspectives (Gray 2020; Nakamura 2009; Politopoulos/Mol 2023)?
The “limits of play” also invite critical scrutiny. While play has often been seen as inherently liberating, recent scholarship highlights that games can also capture and constrain, reinforcing dominant ideologies or even reproducing systems of surveillance capitalism and extractive economies. In archaeology, too, playful tools can unintentionally “gamify” heritage in ways that flatten complexity, privilege entertainment over reflection, or exclude traditional forms of non-western play.
At the same time, archaeogaming is uniquely placed to experiment with alternative forms of being. Game engines and playful design can be harnessed for critical storytelling, participatory heritage projects, and collaborative learning environments (Graham 2020; Reinhard 2018, 2024). New technologies such as generative AI, immersive XR, and interactive platforms open up further possibilities — but also demand new ethical considerations.
By highlighting both opportunities and risks, this session aims to provide a more balanced perspective on playful archaeology: one that recognizes its capacity for experimentation and joy, while remaining attentive to its exclusions, blind spots, and unintended consequences. We particularly welcome contributions that cross disciplinary boundaries, engage with community-based practices, or present creative and experimental approaches.
#### _Reference_ s
Gray, K.L. _Intersectional Tech: Black Users in Digital Gaming._ Louisiana State University Press, 2020. _Project MUSE_ , https://muse.jhu.edu/book/77262.
Graham, S. (2020). An Enchantment of Digital Archaeology. Raising the Dead with Agent-Based Models, Archaeogaming and Artificial Intelligence. Berghahn. DOI: 10.3167/9781789207866.
Politopoulos, Aris – Mol, Angus A. A. (2023): Critical Miss? Archaeogaming as a Playful Tool for Archaeological Research and Outreach, in: Kalaycı, Tuna et al. (Hrsg.): Digital Archaeology. Promises and Impasses. Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia. Leiden: Sidestone, S. 113–128. DOI: 10.59641/f48820ir.
Nakamura, L. (2009). Don’t Hate the Player, Hate the Game: The Racialization of Labor in World of Warcraft. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 26(2), 128–144. DOI: 10.1080/15295030902860252.
Reinhard, A. (2018). Archaeogaming: An Introduction to Archaeology in and of Video Games. Berghahn. DOI: 10.3167/9781785338724.
Reinhard, A. (2024). Machine-Created Culture. Essays on the Archaeology of Digital Things and Places. DOI: 10.3167/9781805395706
**S53: Advances in Computational Archaeology**
**Session Organisers:**
_Joshua Emmitt_ , CAA Chair
_Jeffrey Glover,_ Georgia State University
**Session Format:** Standard
### **_Description_**
Do you have a computational archaeology topic or project to present outside of the scope of one of the existing sessions? Are you engaged in cutting-edge research on geophysics, data management, visualization techniques, semantic web, or another digital archaeology topic that you would like to share? Papers accepted into the “Advances in Computational Archaeology” session for the final program will be grouped thematically, as practical, to create related blocks of papers.
For the ease of the review process, please select the most closely related topical session as your primary choice when uploading in the CMT submission system. Then select this session as the secondary option to indicate that you feel that your paper is not a strong fit for the primary one chosen.
**S54: Poster Session**
This session is dedicated to poster submissions.
**Abstracts**(200-500 words, plus up to 3 citations) will be required for posters. Your abstract should include:
* Subject – a description of the methods used and key results (scientific posters), or main argument (discursive or theoretical posters);
* Background – a summary of the topic or research question addressed by the poster;
* Discussion – a discussion of the wider implications of your research for computer applications and quantitative methods in archaeology;
* References – up to 3 citations (cited using the Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition Author Date format, see below).
Your abstract should contain sufficient information to allow the CAA Scientific Committee to evaluate the scientific content of your poster. You may include a single figure that shows the key results or main argument of your paper.
Accepted posters will be displayed during the conference. Authors will be invited to make an optional short presentation about their poster during the session. https://2026.caaconference.org/conference-sessions/
