What evolution means to most people: 🐟→🦎→🐒→👶 Ok, that happened. Once. How it usually goes: 🐟→🐟→🐟→🐟 or 🐟→🐟→🐟→💀 and just sometimes 🐟→🐢 🐟→🦉 🐟→🐳

Polyphyly: (🐢🐧),🐊 Beaked animals Paraphyly: (🐊🐢),🐧 Reptiles Monophyly: (🐊🐧),🐢 Archosaurs Single filey: 🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧

Calendar of evolution: Jan 1☣1st life Nov 2🐚1st animals Nov 20🐛1st land animals Nov 23🦈1st sharks Nov 26🐸1st tetrapods Dec 3🌲1st seed plants Dec 9🌋💀 Dec 10🦕1st dinos Dec 11🐭1st mammals Dec 19🌼1st flowers Dec 20🐦1st birds Dec 25🦖1st T rex Dec 26☄💀 Dec 31👋1st humans

How many months of pregnancy? <1🐁🐀🐹 1🐇🐿️🐨 2🦊🐺🐕🐈 3🐍🐆🐅 4🐖🐼 5🐑🐐 . 7🐻🦌 8🦍 9🐄🤰 10🐃 11🐎🐋 12🐬 13🐫🐪 . . 16🦏🐳 . 18🦂 . . 21🐘 22🦈

kg mass: 10³⁰🌞 . . . . 10²⁵🌎 . 10²³🌖 . . . . . . . . 10¹⁴🗻 . . 10¹¹🌀 . . 10⁸🌉 . 10⁶🌲 10⁵🐋 10⁴🐘 10³🦏 100⛹️ 10🐩 1🍍 0.1🐀 0.01🦇 0.001🥜 10¯⁴🐝 10¯⁵🐞 10¯⁶🦟 . . . . . 10¯¹²🔘cell—👶 . . 10¯¹⁵🔵cell—🦠 10¯¹⁶🧬chromosome . 10¯¹⁸🔹virus . . . . . . . 10¯²⁶⚛️

Christmas tree: ┌🎄 ┌| _┌🌿(holly) | | | └🌱(ivy) | └| ┌🌰(roasting on🔥) |  ‾└🍐🌳 |   _┌🎅 |  ┌| └🤶 | ┌|└🐁(not stirring) | |└|┌🐎(dashing through🌨️) | | └| ┌🔴👃🦌 | |  ‾└(all of the other)🦌 └|┌🕊️🕊️ └| ┌🇫🇷🐔🇫🇷🐔🇫🇷🐔   ‾└🦢🦢🦢🦢🦢🦢🦢

Interspecies hybrids: 🐯♂×🦁♀→tigon 🦁♂×🐯♀→liger 🐆♂×🦁♀→leopon 🦁♂×🐆♀→lipard 🐏×🐐→geep 🦓×🐴→zebroid 🐫×🐪→tülu 🍊×🍋→rangpur 🇨🇱🍓×🇨🇦🍓→the🍓we eat 👨×🦍→no

♂️/♀️names: 🦌🐇🐹🐁🐿️🐨buck/doe 🐓🕊️🦀cock/hen 🦆drake/hen 🦃tom/hen 😺tom/queen 🐝🐜drone/queen 🐷🦔🐻🐼boar/sow 🐏ram/ewe 🦊tod/vixen 🐴🦓stallion/mare 🐊🐘🦏🐪🦒🐄🐃🐋🐬bull/cow 🌼staminate/pistillate 🍄mating type A1B1/mating type A1B2/mating type A2B1/mating type…

Species/planet ⚪️(☿):0 🟡(♀️):0 🌎(⨁):2000000+ 🔴(♂️):0 🟤(♃):0 🪐(♄):0 🟢(⛢):0 🔵(♆):0

Bovid 19 🐮🐐🐄🐂🐏🐃🐂🐃🐐🐑🦬🐄🐏♉♑♈🥛🥩🍔

Covalent bonds by # of🦶 Water 🐌🐥🐌 Carbon dioxide 🐥🐁🐥 Hydrogen 🐌🐌 Methane  🐌 🐌🐁🐌  🐌 Ethanol  🐌 🐌🐁🐌 🐌🐁🐌  🐥  🐌 Vinegar  🐌 🐌🐁🐌 🐥🐁🐥🐌 Glucose  🐥🐁🐌 🐌🐥🐁🐌  🐌🐁🐥🐌 🐌🐥🐁🐌 🐌🐥🐁🐌  🐌🐁🐌   🐥   🐌 Phosphoric acid   🐥 🐌🐥⭐️🐥🐌   🐥  🐌 Helium 🐍

If you say🐵→👩in 10^7 years is absurd… But accept 🐛→🦋 🐣→🐓 👶→👴 🌰→🌳 in <10^2 years… Is it really about plausible rates of change? Or your ego?

"The great Tree of Life… with its ever-branching and beautiful ramifications" -C Darwin   ┌🐯🐼🐺🐷🐳🦓   ┌| ┌| └🐒🦍🧒🐰🐿️🐹 | | ┌| └🐊🦖🐧🦅🐍🐢 | | | └🕷️🦀🦗🐞🦋🐝 | | ┌🌷🌾🌽🍍🍌🥥 | | └| ┌🌵🥝🥕🌻🌶️🥔 | | └| ┌🍀🥜🌹🍑🍎🍉   └|   └🍁🍊🍋🥦🍫🌺

Fruit tree ┌🥑 ┌🍌🍍 | ┌🥝 | ┌| ┌🌶 └| ‾└🍅🍆  | ┌🍇   ‾| ┌🍊🍋   ‾| ┌🎃  | ┌| ┌🍉   ‾| ‾└ 🍈🥒   | ┌🍓   ‾| ┌🍑🍒   ‾└🍎🍐

relative # species/family Aster🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻 Pea🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜 Coffee☕☕☕☕☕☕☕☕☕☕☕☕☕ Grass🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽 Mint🌿🌿🌿🌿🌿🌿🌿 Cacao🍫🍫🍫🍫 Carrot🥕🥕🥕🥕 Crucifer🥦🥦🥦🥦 Bromeliad🍍🍍🍍🍍 Rose🍓🍓🍓 Grape🍇

The Scientific Method: Question  📱=❓ Hypothesis  📱=⛵️ Experiment  📱+🌊 Result  📵 Conclusion  📱≠⛵️

Favorite use for keratin? 🐟mucus 🐸skin 🦎scales 🐢scutes 🦅feathers 🦔spines 🦁mane 🦊claws 🦏horn 🐋baleen 🐏wool 🐖hooves 🐭whiskers 🐒nails 💈income

Organisms on flags: 🦁🇫🇯🇰🇾🇯🇪🇲🇪🇵🇲🇬🇸🇧🇲🇱🇰🇪🇸 🐆🇭🇷 🐬🇦🇮 🐂🇦🇩🇲🇩 🐏🇫🇰 🐐🇭🇷 🦙🇵🇪 🦌🇬🇸 🐎🇻🇪 🐗🇻🇺 👥🇧🇿 🦅🇲🇽🇦🇱🇦🇸🇿🇲🇻🇮🇷🇸🇲🇪🇲🇩🇰🇿🇪🇬 🦜🇩🇲 🐧🇬🇸 🕊🇫🇯 🐦(other)🇨🇽🇪🇨🇬🇹🇰🇮🇵🇬🇸🇭🇸🇽🇬🇸🇺🇬🇿🇼 🐉🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿🇧🇹 🐢🇰🇾 🐍🇲🇽 🦞🇹🇨 🌿🇨🇾🇪🇷🇬🇹🇸🇲 🌴🇫🇯🇬🇺🇭🇹🇮🇴 🌳🇧🇿🇬🇶🇵🇪 🌲🇱🇧🇳🇫 🌵🇲🇽🇹🇨 🍁🇨🇦 🌰🇬🇩 🍍🇰🇾 🍌🇫🇯

Who shares a great-great-etc. grandparent with you? # of “greats”: 10⁰👨🏽👩🏽 10¹🧑🏾🧓🏽 10²🧔🏼👩🏿‍🦱all humans 10³ 10⁴ 10⁵ 10⁶🦍🦧all apes 10⁷🐵🐒 10⁸🐰🐯 10⁹🦈🐙all animals 10¹⁰🌼🌲 10¹¹ 10¹²🦠🌏all life

Just one organic chemical and its degradation products is why: 🩸=🔴 🥩=🔴 🤮=🟡🟢 🅿️=🟡 💩=🟤 Thanks, heme, for making me a🌈!

How good is your👃? # olfactory receptor genes: 0-100🐬🐋🦛🦦 . 200-300🦇 300-400👩‍🦲🦏 400-500🐵🦧🦍 500-600🦙 600-700🐐 700-800🐴 800-900🦘🐰🐯😸🐼🐶 900-1000🐑 . 1100-1200🦔 1200-1300🐁🐮 1300-1400🐷 . . . . . . . 2100-2200🦥 . . . 2500-2600🐘

Digital tech: 📱🖥️💻💾📀 Nondigital tech: 🎞️📽️📼☎️⏳ Digital animals: 🦎🦝🐒🐸🐿️ Nondigital animals: 🐍🐠🐡🦈🪱

relative # of described species: plants🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻🌻 fungi🍄🍄🍄 beetles🐞🐞🐞🐞🐞🐞🐞🐞🐞🐞🐞🐞🐞 butterflies/moths🦋🦋🦋🦋🦋🦋 flies🦟🦟🦟🦟🦟 other insects🐝🐝🐝🐝🐝🐝🐝🐝🐝 mollusks🐌🐌🐌 arachnids🕷️🕷️🕷️ other invertebrates🦀🦀🦀🦀🦀🦀 tetrapods🐊 other vertebrates🐡

🧑🏾🦍🐒🦓🦘🐸🐟🦈🐛🦠=🧬 🧑🏾🦍🐒🦓🦘🐸🐟🦈🐛=🧠🧬 🧑🏾🦍🐒🦓🦘🐸🐟🦈=💀🧠🧬 🧑🏾🦍🐒🦓🦘🐸🐟=🦴💀🧠🧬 🧑🏾🦍🐒🦓🦘🐸=🦵🏻🦴💀🧠🧬 🧑🏾🦍🐒🦓🦘=🥛🦵🏻🦴💀🧠🧬 🧑🏾🦍🐒🦓=🤰🏽🥛🦵🏻🦴💀🧠🧬 🧑🏾🦍🐒=💅🏼🤰🏽🥛🦵🏻🦴💀🧠🧬 🧑🏾🦍=👍🏿💅🏼🤰🏽🥛🦵🏻🦴💀🧠🧬 🧑🏾=🗣️👍🏿💅🏼🤰🏽🥛🦵🏻🦴💀🧠🧬

Industrial melanism: 🐈🐈🐈🐈🐈‍⬛→🏭→ 🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛ Hypogean depigmentation: 🐈🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛→🚇→ 🐈‍🐈‍🐈‍🐈‍🐈‍ Daisyworld: 🐈🐈🐈🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛→🥶→ 🐈🐈🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛→🥵→ 🐈🐈🐈🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛→🥶→ 🐈🐈🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛→🥵→ 🐈🐈🐈🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛→🥶→ 🐈🐈🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛🐈‍⬛→🥵→…

What are🇺? Dust of a🌟 Mostly💧 A🧬longer than any📘, in more copies than all the📚on🌎 Cousin to🐬🦢🦋🌳 More🧠cells than # of👥alive A🧰that can make🖼️🚀🌉🥘🗽or💣 A🦠after billions of version updates A🧳made of🥩filled with💩 Among the few⚛️⚛️⚛️in🌌that can🤔🥰😢😆…

Chromosome # 2🐜 6🦟 14🥒 16🐨🍑🍒 18🍋🥕🥦🥬 20🦘🌽 22🦗🍉 24🌷🌶️🥑🍅 26🍁 28🌹 30🦒 32🐝🍀🥥 33🍌 34🦊🐊🍎🌻 36🐌🦛 38🦁🦝🐷🍇 40🐭🥜🥭 42🐼🐀🐡 44🐬🐹🐰🦡 46👥🦓 48🦍🥔 50🐃🍍 54🐏 56🐘🍓 60🐮🐐 64🐴 66🦅🦜 70🦌 74🐻🐪🦙 76🕊️ 78🐔🐶🐺 80🦃🦆🦢 82🦏🦈 84🌺 88🦔 90🍠 110🦞 174🥝

🌏history (×10^6 years) 4000🌋 3000🌋☣️ 2000🌋☣️ 1000🌋☣️ 500🌋☣️🐚🍄 450🌋☣️🐚🦈🐙 400🌋☣️🐚🦈🕷️🐌 350🌋☣️🐚🦈🌲🐟 300🌋☣️🐚🦈🌲🐞🐠 250🌋☣️🐚🦈🌲🐸🦎 200🌋☣️🐚🦈🌲🐸🐊🦀 150🌋☣️🐚🦈🌲🐸🐦🦕 100🌋☣️🐚🦈🌲🐸🐦🌴🦖 50🌋☣️🐚🦈🌲🐸🐦🐒🦇🌾  0🤳

Biotic exchanges: Beringian 🌏:🐘🐺😀→←🐪🐎:🌎 Columbian 🌎:🌻🍍🍅🌽🌶🍿🍠🥜🍫🚬🥑🥔🦃→←🐈🐄🐖🐑🐐🐓🌾🍈🍉🍊🍋🍌🍎🍐🍑🍒🍆:🌍 Pathogen 🤒→←🤧

Mimicry (mimic:model, model is…) Batesian🥚:💣 …more dangerous Müllerian🦀:✂️ …as dangerous Mertensian🦂:📌 …less dangerous Vavilovian🐢:🍈 …tasty

Types of biological change: Evolution 🐏🐏🐑🐏→🐏🐑🐑🐑→🐑🐑🐑🐑 Ecological Succession 🐛🌿→🐛🌿🐦→🌳🐜🐺🐇🐦🌲 Development 🐤→🐓 Fermentation 🌾→🍺 Puberty 👶→😻

Sea lion ≠🦁 Silverfish ≠🐠 Mudpuppy ≠🐶 Ringworm ≠🐛 Horseshoe crab ≠🦀 Red panda ≠🐼 Mountain chicken ≠🐔 Mouse-deer ≠🦌 Meerkat ≠🐱 Water bear ≠🐻

What to eat?😋🍽️Are you 🐯Carnivorous🍖 🐮Herbivorous🌿 🐻Omnivorous🌮 🐒Frugivorous🍌 🦇Insectivorous🐜 🐜Saprophagous🥀 🐰Coprophagous💩 🤖Autophagous🚗(?)

Want more protein in your feed?    ⚪➕  ⚪🔵⚪    |  ⚪  ⚪⚫—⚫—🔴⚪    |  ⚪ 🔴=⚫    |  ⚪🔵    |  ⚪  ⚪⚫—⚫⚪    |  ⚪ 🔴=⚫    |  ⚪🔵    |  ⚪⚫⚪    | 🔴=⚫—🔴➖

🎉🎈🍾Types of Party: Bachelor♂♂♂♂ Bachelorette♀♀♀♀ Dioecious♂♂♀♀ Subdioecious♂⚥⚥♀ Gynodioecious♀♀⚥⚥ Androdioecious♂♂⚥⚥ Hermaphrodite-only ⚥⚥⚥⚥

When are you active? Are you: 🦅Diurnal☀️ 🦉Nocturnal🌙 🐝Matinal🌄 🦇Vespertine🌇 🐹Crepuscular🌄🌇 🤷Cathemeral🕑🕔🕚 🛌Lazy🚫

👱🏻‍♀️and the Three Selective Sweeps. Hard: 🐻🐨🐻🐨🐨🐻→🐻🐨🐻🐼🐨🐻→🐼🐼🐼🐼🐼🐼 Soft: 🐻🐨🐼🐻🐨🐼→🐨🐻🐻🐼🐻🐼→🐻🐼🐼🐻🐼🐻 Just right: 🐨🐨🐨🐼🐨🐨→🐨🐻🐼🐼🐼🐨→🐼🐼🐻🐼🐻🐼

Relative evolutionary divergence: 👩🏿vs.🌳=🌎to🌓 👩🏿vs.🐇=🇪🇸to🇳🇿 👩🏿vs.🐒=🗾to🕋 👩🏿vs.🦍=🗽to🇨🇺 👩🏿vs.👱‍♀️=🏡to🏠(same 🏙️)

History of America🌎:  ~100000 years ago🐘🐎🐪🦁🦃🦌  ~10000 years ago👶🏽🐕🐘🐎🐪🦁🦃🦌  ~1000 years ago👶🏽🐕🦃🦌🌽  ~100 years ago👶🏽👶🏿👶🏻🐕🦃🦌🐄🏇🐖🐓🌽🥕🍎  Tomorrow?

Trophic pyramids:   🐺  🐰🐰🐰 🌿🌿🌿🌿🌿   🐅  🐃🐃🐃 🌾🌾🌾🌾🌾   🐊  🐒🐒🐒 🍌🍌🍌🍌🍌   🐍  🐭🐭🐭 🌰🌰🌰🌰🌰    😺   🐦🐦🐦  🐛🐛🐛🐛🐛 🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱🌱   😋  🐷🐷🐷 🌽🌽🌽🌽🌽   🤡  🐘🐘🐘 🥜🥜🥜🥜🥜

Convergence: long necks:🦕|🦒 bipedalism:🦖|🚶 hematophagy:🦇|🧛 tail flukes:🐬|🧜 ‍pointy ears:🐱|🧝 ‍spiky heads:🦔| 🧙 ‍itty bitty living space:🐌|🧞

Greenhouse gases: Carbon dioxide 🔴⚫🔴 Methane  ⚪ ⚪⚫⚪  ⚪ Water vapor 🔴 ⚪⚪ Nitrous oxide 🔵🔵🔴 Ozone 🔴🔴 🔴 Chlorofluorocarbon  🆑 🇫⚫🇫  🆑 Science-denying bluster 🗣️📣💨💨💨

Organisms interact (ecology), affecting fitness (evolution). Fitness⬆️for both: 😍+😘→🤰 🌸+🐝→🍒 🥭+🐘→💩 Fitness⬇️for one,⬆️for the other: 🦓+🦁→🥩 🌳+🦫→🪵 😀+🦠→🤮 Fitness⬇️for both: 😺+🐝→😿 👨‍🍳+🍄→☠️ 🦤+🐷→🚫 Fitness❓ 😀+🧅→🥲 😀+🌼→🤧 😍+🙄→💔

# species per taxonomic order (1🐦=18 species) 🐧 🦆🦆🦆🦆🦆🦆🦆🦆🦆🦆 🦉🦉🦉🦉🦉🦉🦉🦉🦉🦉🦉🦉 🦅🦅🦅🦅🦅🦅🦅🦅🦅🦅🦅🦅🦅🦅🦅 🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓🐓 🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️🕊️ 🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜🦜 🦩➗3

Genome completely stretched out would be: Taller than organism 🧅🐁🦇🦆🐙 About the same size as the organism 🐡🦢🧍🌲🐘 Shorter than the organism 🌳🦒🐋🦕🍄

🐟sees🏝️→→🐸 🐻sees❄️→→🐻‍❄️ 🐵sees🌜→→👨🏽‍🚀 🌱sees🐝→→🌸 🦛sees🌊→→🐳 🦎sees🕳️→→🐍 🦠sees💊→→☣️ 🕊️sees🏝️→→🦤 🦖sees☄️→→💀 Evolution: Reach for your dreams.

Hairs per cm²: 10¯²-10¯¹🐘 . . 10¹-10²🐷 10²-10³💇🏽‍♂️🐑🐮 10³-10⁴🦬🐶🐀🐻‍❄️ 10⁴-10⁵🐱🐰🦊 10⁵-10⁶🦦

Flightless birds 🐧=4 living species 🦤=4 recently extinct species Northern hemisphere: 🐧🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤 Southern hemisphere: 🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤🦤

Looks like🐍but👂holes? ID=legless lizard Looks like🦭but visible👂? ID=sea lion Looks like🐁but pointy🦷? ID=shrew Looks like🐝but only 2 wings (à la💸)? ID=fly Looks like🕷️but 6🦵? ID=cricket Looks like🦋but antennae like🪶? ID=moth Looks like🪲but🔻on back? ID=true bug

Testes size as % of total body mass 0.01-0.05😻🦫🐋🦧🦍 0.05-0.10🦡🐘🐂🐎🕺 0.10-0.50🦇🦔🦊🦌🦭🐇 0.50-1.00🐏🐁🐀 1.00-5.00🐬🐹🐿️