Maxwell's equations have had a greater impact on human history than any ten presidents. - Carl Sagan

"If all of mathematics disappeared, physics would be set back by exactly one week." - Richard P. Feynman

Maxwell's equations have had a greater impact on human history than any ten presidents. - Carl Sagan

"If all of mathematics disappeared, physics would be set back by exactly one week." - Richard P. Feynman

"If all of mathematics disappeared, physics would be set back by exactly one week." - Richard P. Feynman

Stunning photograph of the total solar eclipse on July 11, 1991, taken by Antonio Turok in Chiapas, Mexico.

“The "Mind of God," which Einstein wrote eloquently about, is cosmic music resonating throughout hyperspace.” ― Michio Kaku, Parallel Worlds

July 11: On this day in 1711, Georg Wilhelm Richmann was born — a Baltic German physicist in Russia who made early advances in electricity and calorimetry. He died tragically in 1753 while conducting an experiment during a thunderstorm, reportedly struck by ball lightning.

“Never express yourself more clearly than you are able to think” ― Niels Bohr

Bayes' theorem is used to update the probability for a hypothesis as more evidence or information becomes available. Bayes' approach to probability was notably different from the frequentist approach, which dominated statistical methods at the time.

Werner Heisenberg's canonical commutation rule for position and momentum variables of a particle, 1927.

“In his youth Albert Einstein spent a year loafing aimlessly. You don't get anywhere by not 'wasting' time- something, unfortunately, that the parents of teenagers tend frequently to forget.” ― Carlo Rovelli, Seven Brief Lessons on Physics

“Things are the way they are in our universe because if they weren't, we wouldn't be here to notice.” ― Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe

In 1704, Sir Isaac Newton predicted that the world would end in 2060.

“We understand the world in its becoming, not in its being.” — Carlo Rovelli

Mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan’s personal handwritten mathematical notes and letters.

Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg together on a skiing vacation in Tyrol, 1932. As always, Bohr is taking notes.

Maria Skłodowska-Curie's handwritten notes on radioactivity. Courtesy of Wellcome images.

It is by logic that we prove, but by intuition that we discover. — Henri Poincaré

The individual is ephemeral, races and nations come and pass away, but man remains. - Nikola Tesla

“Free will is the sensation of making a choice. The sensation is real, but the choice seems illusory. Laws of physics determine the future.” — Brian Greene

Some black holes might have formed immediately after the Big Bang (primordial black holes) rather than through stellar collapse, and could theoretically account for dark matter, though this remains speculative.

Leonardo da Vinci wrote the vast majority of his private notes right-to-left (mirror script), almost certainly because, as a left-hander, this prevented smudging wet ink. His journals burst with backwards Italian, diagrams, and inventions.

Sir Isaac Newton ✍️

The design by Leonardo da Vinci, crafted from wire, cane, and linen, is frequently referred to as an early version of the modern helicopter. This device was designed to ascend vertically from the ground, spiraling upwards into the air to reach great heights.

The Monty Hall Problem: A probability puzzle based on a game show scenario. Given a choice among three doors (with a prize behind one), switching after one non-prize door is revealed increases your chances of winning from 1/3 to 2/3.

The energy and entropy of the world have no meaning, because such quantities admit of no accurate definition. - Max L. Planck

There are no secrets about the world of nature. There are secrets about the thoughts and intentions of men. -- J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)

Want to learn physics from one of the greatest minds who ever lived? The Feynman Lectures on Physics, the most widely read physics book ever written, are freely available online. Read them here: Volume 1: Volume 2: Volume 3:

There is no branch of mathematics, however abstract, which may not some day be applied to phenomena of the real world. - Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky

"God does not play dice with the universe." - A. Einstein

1953: Alan Turing’s handwritten letter to a friend where he explains his Solitaire method and advice on how to play the game.

God created everything by number, weight and measure. - Sir Isaac Newton

Max Planck was a musical prodigy who could play the piano, organ, and cello. He even composed his own songs and operas. He once said, “The main source of all the greatest achievements in natural science, I am convinced, lies in the divine gift of musicality.”

“There are two possible outcomes: if the result confirms the hypothesis, then you've made a measurement. If the result is contrary to the hypothesis, then you've made a discovery.” — Enrico Fermi

On this day 14 years ago, the discovery of Higgs Boson was announced by CERN.

“The best that most of us can hope to achieve in physics is simply to misunderstand at a deeper level.” — Wolfgang Pauli

The first edition of Newton's Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, financed by Edmond Halley for the Royal Society, was published on 5 July 1687.

One of the earliest examples of a systematic approach to empirical inquiry is found in the Edwin Smith papyrus, an ancient Egyptian medical textbook from c. 1600 BCE, which describes the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of various diseases.

MIT Entrance Examination, 1869–1870 Simpler times?

J. Robert Oppenheimer’s hat is seen resting on cyclotron pipes, 1946. Credit : Los Alamos National Laboratory

Albert Einstein's grade sheet, with 5s and 6s(Out of 6) in Physics, and 4s in most of the Math courses.

[L-R] Two titans, Niels Bohr and J. Robert Oppenheimer conversing, 1950. Credit : Niels Bohr Archive.

Quantum physics in a nutshell.

Mathematics is only a tool and one should learn to hold the physical ideas in one's mind without reference to the mathematical form. — Paul Dirac

"I much prefer the sharpest criticism of a single intelligent man to the thoughtless approval of the masses." - Johannes Kepler

Marie Curie's lecture at Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, ca. 1921. ✍️

On June 28, 2009, Stephen Hawking held a party for time travelers at Cambridge but sent the invitations only after the event. No one attended, which he called experimental evidence against time travel.

“If I were not a physicist, I would probably be a musician. I often think in music. I live my daydreams in music. I see my life in terms of music.” ― Albert Einstein

The Casimir Effect is a quantum phenomenon where two uncharged, parallel metal plates placed very close together in a vacuum attract each other. This happens due to quantum fluctuations in the vacuum, showing that even empty space has energy.