The good people at the Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text and Image (UPenn) have digitised two rare works by James Brown (the grammarian, not the musician): The *Syntascope* and the accompanying large plates from 1839. Read more about Brown here: cysouw.github.io/graphicalgrammar/#sec5.4.2

August Grotefend (1798-1836), teacher in Göttingen and nephew of cuneiform-decipherer G.F.Grotefend, was a big fan of Simon Herling and his analysis of the *Period*. In a commentary directed to Latin teachers he gave an example of a *Zergliederung* of a complex Latin sentence from Livius.

Léon Vaïsse (1807-1881) was the 13th director of the Deaf Institute in Paris and the 10th president of the Société de Linguistique de Paris. In the 1830 he visited the US where he met Frederick Barnard. They developed highly complex grammatical symbolic systems. Vaïsse published his version in 1839.

Auguste Bébian (1789-1839), godchild of Sicard, was pushed out of the Deaf Institute in Paris in 1821 after an altercation about class sizes with an administrator [sic!]. He used his godfather's method of sentence analysis. In 1827 he took it one step further, adding simple hierarchical structures.

Roch-Ambroise Sicard (1742-1822) was a highly influential teacher for the Deaf in Paris. He uses digits above the words for syntactic functions, with a separate analysis for subordinate clauses. In this figure he explains how a relative clause is derived from a regular main clause structure.

Solomon Barrett (1800-1882), teacher in Madrid (NY), wrote *The principles of language* in 1837. In 1842 he adds the infamous plate with grammatical trees, influenced by James Brown. In 1857 he adds two frontispieces with possibly the most exquisite grammatical trees in the history of linguistics.

William Hall (no dates known) in 1849 wrote *Encyclopedia of English grammar*, which includes a simplistic kind of constituency, called *monology*, following James Brown (the grammarian, not the musician). There is no link to the *monème* (Frei 1941) from the French structuralist tradition.

Oliver Peirce (1808-1865), teacher in Rome, NY, added syntactic "chains" to his grammar in 1839. In yet another revision in 1843 he adds sentence diagrams. This is the first usage of the term *diagram* for graphical syntax! His diagrams are as much poetic interpretation as syntactic analysis.

James Brown (±1790-1855, not the musician) was a productive but crazy grammarian from Philadelphia. Starting in 1826 he used sensible concepts like "sectioning" (~constituency) and "scanning" (~dependency), alas buried in absurd terminology and dismissive rants. This syntax tree is from 1840.

Fritz Rahn (1891–1964) and Wolfgang Pfleiderer (1877-1971) in the 1950s wrote *Deutsche Spracherziehung*. It has a very simple graphical method, squares for main clauses and circles for subordinate clauses. It does not help to grasp the complexity of long sentences. cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Maxime Lanusse (1853-1930) and Henri Yvon (1873-1963) in 1921 write *Cours complet de grammaire française*. The examples still reflect the war. AFAIK this is the first graphical display of an *analyse logique* in the French grammatical tradition. (spot the error!) cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Georges Galichet (1904-1992) wrote many French textbooks, starting with *Essai de grammaire psychologique* (1947). He uses idiosyncratic graphical syntactic analyses throughout his work, starting in 1947 with an *arête de poisson* ‘fishbone diagram’. Read more: cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Radivoj Francis Mikuš (1906-1983) from Ljubjana wrote various innovative syntactic papers in the 1950s, including a full example of rewrite rules in 1952, without knowledge of Harris (1946) and before the first such proposals by Chomsky. Read more about Mikuš here: cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Henri Bonnard (1915-2004) in 1950 wrote a textbook *grammaire française* which includes graphical analyses inspired by Damourette & Pichon. Bonnard used colours in the classroom on the blackboard. In 1959 Grevisse took over Bonnard's system of graphical syntax. cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

In their massive 4500-page *Essai de grammaire de la langue française* Jacques Damourette (1873-1943) and Édouard Pichon (1890-1940) include a single graphical analysis (Volume 3 from 1930, p. 185), which appears to have inspired Bonnard and indirectly Grevisse. cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Dora Schulz (1906-1974) and Heinz Griesbach (1918-2008) taught German at the *Goethe Institut* since the early 1950s. They wrote a *Grammatik der deutschen Sprache* in 1960. It contains the first full-fledged illustration of a *Feldermodell* for the German sentence. cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Johannes Kinker (1764-1845) in 1817 published his thoughts on language at the royal dutch academy. He included a pasigraphic (his term) sentence analysis of Cicero, but different from Maimieux's pasigraphy, Kinker's approach is a real syntactic analysis #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Maurice Grevisse (1895-1980), a Belgian teacher, wrote *Précis de grammaire française* in 1939. Inspired by Henri Bonnard, he added syntactic schemas to the 25th edition of 1959. This version of the book is still in print today as *Le petit Grevisse*. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Felipe Senillosa (1790-1858) in 1817 wrote *Gramática española* in Buenos Aires. About a third of this book consists of graphical syntactic analyses. Most are constituent-like analyses, but a final tour-de-force is an interlocking dependency tree. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), professor in Leipzig and co-founder of modern psychology, used graphical syntactic analyses based on binary subdivisions of a *Gesammtvorstellung*. This influenced Bloomfield (who ignored the graphics) and (indirectly) Chomsky #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Lev Ivanovich Polivanov (1838-1899), student of Buslaev and founder of the Polivanovskaya Gymnasium in Moscow, wrote many versions of a *Учебникъ русской грамматики*. In 1873 he adds a graphical analysis of complex sentences using vertical lines. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Jan Gebauer (1838-1907), a major figure in Czech linguistics, started out as a school teacher. He wrote a *Mluvnice česká* (1890) which includes various different graphical approaches to syntax, including hierarchical braces and line diagrams. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Theodor Paul (not Hermann!) was a teacher's teacher. In 1910 he wrote a German grammar in which he used verb-centric graphical sentence analyses. His graphics are rather clumsily because the lines only go horizontal and/or vertical (see the alt-text). #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Christian Müllener was a Swiss teacher (any tipps about his biography are welcome) wrote *Praktische Übungsschule* (1885) in which he provided exercises to construct sentences based on simple clauses and aa symbolic structure of the complex sentence. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Martin Hattala (1821-1903), teacher and later professor in Prague, used a simplified *Periodenbild* in his 1857 *Srovnávací mluvnice* for a complex sentence from Ján Kollár. AFAIK, this is the earliest example of graphical grammar in Czech grammars. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Karel Kunz was a 19thC teacher in Opava, Czech Republic. I cannot find anything on his biography, suggestions welcome! In 1859 he wrote *Náuka o větách* (lessons about sentences), in which he uses a 'depiction in letters' to analyse complex sentences. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Friedrich Julius Horn (1809-1841) was a teacher in Rastenburg (today Kętrzyn in Poland). In his *Grammatik der neuhochdeutschen Sprache auf historischer und logischer Grundlage* (1837) he used *Periodenbilder* to analyse sentences with multiple subordination, following Lehmann (1833). #linguistics

Johann Willibald Nagl (1856-1912) worked on dialects in Graz and Vienna, but also published *Deutsche Sprachlehre für Mittelschulen* in 1906. He uses a verb-centric approach for his syntactic analysis, which also can include subordinate clauses. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Václav Zikmund (1816-1873) was a Czech teacher in Prague. His *Skladba jazyka českého* (1863) contains various graphical syntactic analyses, among them a very early dependency tree (left) and an illustration of different possible constituency structures (right). cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Alexander Matveyevich Peshkovsky (1878-1933) was a prolific author of grammatical textbooks and together with D.N. Ushakov reinvigorated language teaching in Russia after the revolution. He experimented with various graphical syntactic displays. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Sergey Efimovich Kryuchkov (1897-1969) and Mikhail Vasilyevich Svetlaev (1898-1959) wrote *Грамматика учебник*, which Tesnière (1959:15) cites as an inspiration. By this point in time the Russian revolution has arrived in grammars (check the alt-text)! #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Pyotr Vladimirovich Smirnovsky (1846—1904) was a teacher in St. Petersburg and wrote the *Учебник русской грамматики* in 1884. It includes a few very early examples of dependency trees. It remains unclear how Smirnovksy came up with this idea. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Dmitrij Nikolajevič Ušakov (1873-1942), professor for Russian language in Moscow, in 1926 wrote *Учебная книга по русскому языку* with A.M. Smirnova and N.N. Nikolajevna, which Tesnière mentions as a major inspiration for his stemmata (1959: 15, fn. 1). #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Stepan Grigorievich Barkhudarov (1894-1983) wrote many grammatical textbooks throughout his long life using different kind of graphical grammar. The earliest example occurs in the second volume on syntax of his *Грамматика русского языка* (1938). #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Sofya Afanasyevna Zeltser and Dmitry Nikolaevich Vvedensky in 1925 wrote *Как самому изучать русский язык* 'How to learn Russian yourself'. It includes a single dependency-like tree with the words as edges, not as nodes. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Konstantin Fedorovich Petrov (1850-1914) wrote a two-volume *Русскій язык* in 1880. Around 1906 it was extended by an extra page with dependency-like trees. Any information about this author or his inspiration for adding graphics is highly appreciated! #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Johann August Lehmann (1802-1883), school principal in Marienwerder, in 1833 proposed his highly influential *Periodenbild*, a graphical analysis of clausal subordination. Analysing Goethe, Lehmann says *das Bilde dieser Periode zeigt deren Übelstände.* #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Karl Lugebil (1830-1887), professor in St Petersburg, wrote a review of Anton Dobiasz' book about Apollonius Dyscolus in 1883. Lugebil's graphic illustrates different meanings of copula constructions. This is an early example of hierarchical bracketing! #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Karl Mager (1810-1858), teacher and general educator, wrote *Deutsches Sprachbuch* in 1842. It includes a visual analysis of multi-clause sentences by using indentation for levels of subordination and alphanumeric codes to analyse the kind of clause. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Trying to find graphical grammar in 19thC Russian grammars: any pointers are highly appreciated! Today I found an early example from 1844 by Fedor Ivanovich Buslaev (1818-1897). This is an analysis of complex clausal centre-embedding in a Krylov fable. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Franz Wollmann (1871-1961), director of a teacher's seminary in Vienna, wrote *Deutsche Sprachkunde auf sprachgeschichtlicher Grundlage* in 1935. Like others, he used a dependency-type tree, but he also allowed for subordinate clauses as possible nodes. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

In 1950 Robert Killinger (1925-2006) and Alfred Doppler (born 1921) write a book about grammar for a wider audience. It wasn't a smash hit, but it shows again that drawing syntactic trees was widespread and well-known long before Chomsky and Tesnière stepped on the scene. #linguistics

Franz Honcamp (1805-1866), teacher in Büren, was laid off in 1854 because of his church-criticism (still a thing in 19thC Germany). His 1841 textbook has numbered tables (citing Becker) that are almost exactly like the Universal Dependency (UD) format. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

\morningShowerRevelation LLMs are overparameterized models: perfect fit, but little insight (this idea is of course not new: Bartlett et al. (2019) call it “benign overfitting”) Maybe somebody should try AIC-type model selection: Not to get better LLMs, but to obtain interpretable parameters

Hanz Glinz (1913-2008), professor in Aachen, wrote an early structuralist grammar of German, called *Die innere Form des Deutschen* (1952). He uses syntactic tests as the basis of his analysis. He exemplifies his approach with a massive fold-out sheet. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Helmut Gipper (1919-2005), professor in Münster, quotes one of Weisgerber's examples using a Chinese boxes display. I know of at least four independent uses of this visual in the 1940s in linguistics. Does anybody know why this suddenly becomes popular? #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Leo Weisgerber (1899-1985) expanded upon Drach's notion of *Umklammerung* in 1950 by using a graphical display that is isomorphic to a Chomskian constituency analysis. Apparently, this was developed independently from USA-style *Immediate Constituency*. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Erich Drach (1885-1935), often cited as the founder of *Felderanalyse* for German syntax, actually does not propose anything new except for the term *Feld*. Much more interesting is his analysis of *Umklammerung* as an early example of constituency. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

Update on Otto Jespersen: I found a single graphical analysis in his work. The abstract letters *S* and *P* are probably an influence from Wundt and Sheffield, whom he cites before the term "immediate constituents" becomes fashionable in the USA. #linguistics cysouw.github.io/graphicalgra...

\rant Jumping on the Hayes’ bandwagon (“the siren’s call”): Science has become a competition for money (funding) evaluated by the amount of attention gathered (citations) as a proxy to the actually intended competition for ideas based on merit. Can we come up with a better operationalization?